Cognitive radios have the potential to greatly improve spectral efficiency in wireless networks. Cognitive radios are considered lower priority or secondary users of spectrum allocated to a primary user. Their fundamental requirement is to avoid interference to potential primary users in their vicinity. Spectrum sensing has been identified as a key enabling functionality to ensure that cognitive radios would not interfere with primary users, by reliably detecting primary user signals. In addition, reliable sensing creates spectrum opportunities for capacity increase of cognitive networks. One of the key challenges in spectrum sensing is the robust detection of primary signals in highly negative signal-to-noise regimes (SNR).In this paper , we present the system design approach to meet this challenge with technique , The design space is diverse as it involves various types of primary user signals, We analysis of signal processing approaches and identify the regimes where these techniques are applicable. The goal of this paper is to present a practical system design view of spectrum sensing functionality.
A QR code is a type of barcode that can hold more information than the familiar kind scanned at checkouts around the world. The “QR” stands for “Quick Response”, a reference to the speed at which the large amounts of information they contain can be decoded by scanners. They are being widely used for advertising campaigns, linking to company websites, contest sign-up pages and online menus. In this paper, we propose an efficient module to extract QR code from background and solve problem of rotation in case of inaccurate image taken from mobile camera.
The present paper talks about balance between two poems which are the Nouniya for Ibn Zaidoun and Andalusia for Ahmed Shawqi. This study is not claimed to be the first of its kind but we found some artistic aspects that deserve to stop at them. This what makes the two the focus of critics and scholars as well in addition to their emphasis on the unity of the human feelings and immortality through the poet's ability to employ those feelings and emotions in a way that it can express the human soul in every time and place. That is what we believe Ibn Zaidoun had reached in his poem. Therefore, the present paper has come into the conclusion that Ibn Zaydoon's Nouniya is better than Shawqi's Andalusia due to what we got through reading and an
... Show MoreObjective: The evaluation of serum osteocalcin (OSN) for Iraqi infertile patients to see the effect of osteocalcin insufficiency, which may lead to a decreased level of testosterone production in males that may cause infertility. Methods: Forty two newly diagnosed infertile males age range (24–47) years and thirty two apparently healthy males as controls age range (25–58) years. Serum levels of testosterone (TEST), stimulating follicle hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin (PROL), osteocalcin OSN, and fasting blood sugar (FBS) were performed in both patients and controls. Estimation of serum OSN by Immulite1000 auto-analyzer, TEST, FSH, LH, PROL, and FBS by Immulite2000 auto-analyzer. Results: Infertile patients
... Show MoreThe imbalances and economic problems which it face the countries, it is a result of international economic developments or changes or global crises such as deterioration in trade, sharp changes in oil prices, increasing global indebtedness, sharp changes in foreign exchange rates and other changes, all that, they affect the economic features of any country. and These influences vary from one country to another according to the rigidity of its economy and its potential in maneuvering with economic plans and actions that would reduce the impact or avoidance with minimal damage. Therefore, the countries that suffer from accumulated economic problems as a result of mismanagement and poor planning or suffe
... Show MoreA new method for construction ion-selective electrode (ISE) by heating reaction of methyl orange with ammonium reineckate using PVC as plasticizer for determination methyl orange and determination Amitriptyline Hydrochloried drug by formation ion-pair on electrode surface . The characteristics of the electrode and it response as following : internal solution 10-4M , pH (2.5-5) ,temperature (20-30) and response time 2 sec. Calibration response for methyl orange over the concentrationrange 10-3 -10-9 M with R=0.9989 , RSD%=0.1052, D.O.L=0.315X10-9 MEre%=(-0.877- -2.76) , Rec%.=(97.230 -101.711) .
There is no doubt that the achievement of the manuscripts of There is no doubt various of situations for performing a duty , The diversity of stimuli in humans with sensory, unconscious and instinct sensitive systems. Which leads to a diversity of feelings, sensations, emotions and feelings, This therefore requires different types of function linguistic structures indication , Of that linguistic potential that God willing to be unique, In the function of discharging and venting those feelings and emotions that are raised by its various stimuli, which are only needs and psychological and biological purposes require verification and access and gain it. S
... Show MoreThe changes that happen in training progress especially in skill side demands tests researchers found poorness for patterns to special tests in defending skills against shooting although applying these tests on other samples without considering the age , so the problem of research came controlling the tests of defense against shooting that serve juniors players and match the original society to serve the basketball game . The research sample chosen for juniors players for Baghdad clubs in season (2011-2012) the sample numbered (82) players represented (7) clubs that their percentage (82%) , after gaining the data processed statically and we reached to conclusion that : defending tests against shooting applied first time in Iraq in Iraq envi
... Show MoreThe steel jetty selected for strengthening is in Baghdad city, over Tigris River, consists of 55 short spans, each of approximately 4 meters and one naviga-tional opening of 12 m. The bridge is 224 meters length and 8 meters in width. The strengthening system was designed to remove overstresses that occurred when the bridge was subjected to abnormal loads of 380 tons. A strengthening system which installed in spring 2008 was used where the main concept is to depend on added side supporting elements which impose reversal forces on the bridge to counteract most of the loads expected from the abnormal heavy loads. The bridge was load tested before and after the strengthening system was activated. The load test results indicate that the strengt
... Show MoreThe skill scale in most of sport activity monitoring a lot of dynamic behaviours conducted with playing situations that help the excerpt's in sport field to evaluate and put right solutions ,soccer one of games that studies in third stage in college and take skills ,dribbling , passing, shooting these skills helps to execute the plans in game ,the researchers notice that there is no test measure the skills of the game in the beginning of the first semester especially in the method of soccer in physical education college and the problem of the research were by answering the question that is there test connect between one or more that one of skill to measure the ability of students to execute the plans in soccer and the conclusion was the bui
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