Background: Antibiotic resistance is a problem leading to difficulty in treating microbial infections thatmay occur due to many causes. For the important pharmacist role as a reference for the information and theability to access to medications, they are vital members in lowering the development of antibiotic resistance,and also they support the proper use and control of antibioticsmisuse. Our goal is comparing the knowledge,attitude, practice of undergraduate and postgraduate pharmacy students and their perceptions about thecausing factors of antibiotic resistance in Iraq.Method: A cross sectional study was conducted involving the final year bachelor and postgraduate (masterand Philosophical doctor) students from different private and public pharmacy universities in Iraq. Anadjusted questionnaire was administrated to 233 students electronically and the results obtained wereanalyzed by using SPSS 20 for Windows Descriptive. A significant difference was found in the knowledgeof antibiotic between undergraduate and postgraduate(Master and Philosophical doctor) students (Meanknowledge score5.32 versus 5.92 respectively, p<0.001).Attitude data also showed a higher positive attitudeof postgraduate students according to antibiotic use and resistance when compared to undergraduatestudents (Mean attitude score: 2.97 versus 2.92 respectively, p<0.05). Significant difference was observed inpractices of the comparative students groups regarding to the frequency of self- medication, reason, sourcesof antibiotic use and in terms of disease condition where they used(p<0.05) . Continuous mutation and genechanges of micro-organism taken the higher percentages answere d yes for the undergraduate students whilethe limited restrictions on antibiotic usage taken the higher percentages answere d yes for the postgraduatestudents (89.1% and 98.5%respectively).Conclusion: We can conclude from data of our study that there is a significant difference in the knowledge,attitude, practice of antibiotic use and perceptions of the possible causes of resistance between postgraduate(master and Philosophical doctor) and undergraduate (fifth year bachelor) pharmacy students when assessingthe use of antibiotic and related resistance. This will help to determine the educational requirements forpharmacy students in colleges of Iraq for better understanding and dealing with the antibiotic resistanceproblem in the future
This paper presents the study and analysis, analytically and numerical of circular cylindrical shell pipe model, under variable loads, transmit fluid at the high velocity state (fresh water). The analytical analysis depended on the energy observation principle (Hamilton Principle), where divided all energy in the model to three parts , strain energy, kinetic energy and transmitted energy between flow and solid (kinetic to potential energy). Also derive all important equations for this state and approach to final equation of motion, free and force vibration also derived. the relations between the displacement of model function of velocity of flow, length of model, pipe thickness, density of flowed with location coordinate x-axis and angle
... Show MoreThe research aims to enrich the subject of marketing deception, which is still in the concept stage at the level of the research sample and to allow future researchers to contribute to addressing the concept of marketing deception and linking it with other variables. The research problem is that is there a correlation between marketing deception and organizational reputation in Baghdad assets. What is the reflection of marketing deception on the organizational reputation in the assets of Baghdad? The research is concerned with shedding light on the reputation of the organization in terms of frequency of purchase, place of purchase, brand loyalty, and knowing the impact of marketing deception on these fact
... Show MoreA survey and revised checklist of the species belonging to the family of Compositae for the specimens which are collected and deposited previously at the herbarium of the Iraq Natural History Research Center and Museum, in addition to the current specimens collected for the period 2016-2021. A total of 85 species belonging to 49 genera and 16 tribes are revised with their synonyms, locality, and distributions, flowering and fruiting period.
Wisdom is the separation and distinction between aim in the word and work and the lack thereof in accordance with the knowledge surrounding the arts of science, which reached a thorough understanding of things and put them in the quorum. In this research, I have tried to discern the characteristics of the wisdom of Imam Hassan al-Askari (peace be upon him) and to explain his methods and actions which are indicative of the various facets of wisdom required by the nature of the actions and behavior that he has to deal with. Or future mother.
The second topic was devoted to the style of Imam (p) and his wisdom in the situations that necessitated the diversity of methods of dealing such as the method of concealment and the method of refer
The behavior of AC conductivity (σac), loss tangent (tan δ), and relative permittivity (ε′) for composites of PVC-P/graphite electrode waste (GEW) was investigated, and a qualitative explanation was provided as a function of PVC-P weight fractions (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25) wt. percent, temperature (30-90) °C, and frequency (100Hz-2MHz). The behaviors of the composites' ac. conductivity and impedance as a frequency function and temperature have been examined. The permittivity was shown to rise with increasing temperature (Tg). The relative permittivity increased as the GEW filler concentration increased and was highest in the low-frequency range; nevertheless decreased as the frequency increased.
One of the key molecules in the conversion of sphingosine to sphingosine-1- phosphate is SPHK-1, also known as Sphingosine Kinase 1 (SPHK-1). Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a lipid that acts as a signaling molecule and plays an essential role in inflammatory and immunomodulatory responses. S1P has recently been identified as a mediator and a biomarker in inflammatory bone diseases such as osteoporosis and inflammatory osteolysis based on the biological effects of S1P in osteoclastic and osteoblastic cells and immune cells. According to recent research, S1P may play a role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis, an inflammatory bone-destructive condition. This study assesses the salivary level SPHK-1 in periodontitis and its correlat
... Show MoreBackground: percutaneous balloon dilation of corotation of aorta is a less invasive and alternative to surgical repair for patients with discrete coaction of aorta and although the used of balloon angioplasty in patients with recurrent postoperative coarctation gained a wide consensus, the use this technique for native coarctation is still controversial in children less one years.
Objective: to evaluate the immediate and late result of balloon dilation of native coarctation of aorta in infant and children.
Type of the study: A prospective study.
Subjects & Methods: The study was done on forty-five patients who were referred for cardiac catheterization and balloon
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