Cefixime (CFX) was treated with sodium nitrite and hydrochloric acid for diazotization reaction followed by coupling with ?-Naphthol in alkaline medium to form, a yellow colored azo dye compound which exhibits maximum absorption (?_max) at 412 nm where the concentration of (CFX) was determined spectrophotometrically. The optimum reaction conditions and other analytical parameters were evaluated. Beer’s law was obeyed in the concentration range of (1-20) ?g.mL^-1 with a molar absorptivity of 34870.5 L.mol^-1.cm^-1. The limit of detection was found to be 0.1090 ?g.mL^-1 and the Sandell's sensitivity value was 0.0130 ?g.cm^-2. The proposed method could be successfully applied to

Stable isotope (?18O, ?D) values were determined along with the chemical compositions at 10 different locations along the Tigris river between Baghdad-Ammara cities of Iraq. The physico-chemical parameters and isotopic data were measured. The sampling site represents 34 % of total Tigris river in the republic of Iraq. The systematically increased in values of stable isotope as move from the downstream of the river and the most significantly appears at Kut lake. This increase occurs as a result of several factors, viz. (a) evaporation occurs low water level in the river and its tributaries, and (b) return flow water to the river from irrigation water in groundwater systems. The change in ion distribution and in the isotopic values related di

A rapid and sensitive method for the determination of amoxicillin trihydrate (AMXT) based on the diazo-coupling reaction was studied. Sulphanilic acid diazotizes with nitrite ion in acidic medium to produce a water soluble, colorless diazonium ion, which subsequently coupled with AMXT to form a colored azo dye in the alkaline medium, having maximum absorption at 455 nm. The calibration graph showed that Beer's law is obeyed over the concentration range of 0.3 – 30.0 μg/mL of AMXT, with the detection limit of 0.15 μg/mL and molar absorptivity was 2.3 × 104 L/mol.cm. The accuracy and the precision were acceptable depending upon the values of error percentage and relative standard deviation. The influence of common interfer

    Simple, sensitive, accurate and inexpensive spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the determination of sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) in pure and dosage forms. This method is based on diazotization of primary amine group of sulfamethoxazole with sodium nitrite and hydrochloric acid followed by coupling with diphenylamine in acidic medium to obtain a stable blue colored dye and show a maximum absorption (max) at 530 nm. Different variables affecting the completion of reaction have been carefully optimized, following the classical univariate sequence and modified simplex method. Beer’s law is obeyed in the concentration range of (0.5-12.0 µg.mL-1) with molar absorptivity of 4.9617×104 L.mol-1.cm-1. The

    A new Spectrophotometric method, is for individual and simultaneous determination of Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride(CIP) and Mebeverin hydrochloride(MEB) by the first and second derivative mode techniques. The first and second derivative spectra of these compounds  permitted individual and simultaneous determination of CIP and MEB in concentration range of (4-28µg/mL)  by measuring the amplitude of peak- to- base line and the area under peak at selected spectrum intervals. The methods showed a reasonable precision and accuracy and have been applied to determine CIP and MEB in four different pharmaceutical preparations.  

A new Spectrophotometric method, is for individual and simultaneous determination of Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride(CIP) and Mebeverin hydrochloride(MEB) by the first and second derivative mode techniques. The first and second derivative spectra of these compounds permitted individual and simultaneous determination of CIP and MEB in concentration range of (4-28μg/mL) by measuring the amplitude of peak- to- base line and the area under peak at selected spectrum intervals. The methods showed a reasonable precision and accuracy and have been applied to determine CIP and MEB in four different pharmaceutical preparations.

A simple, sensitive and accurate spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of salbutamol sulphate (SAB) and isoxsuprine hydrochloride (ISX) in pure and pharmaceutical dosage. The method involved oxidation of (SAB) and (ISX) with a known excess of N-bromosuccinamid in acidic medium, and subsequent occupation of unreacted oxidant in decolorization of Evans blue dye (EB). This, in the presence of SAB or ISX was rectilinear over the ranges 1.0-12.0, 1.0-11.0 µg/mL, with molar absorptivity 4.21×10⁴ and 2.58×10⁴ l.mol^-1.cm^-1 respectively. The developed method had been successfully applied for the determination of the studied drugs in their pharmaceutical dosage resulting i

This research was conducted in order to monitor and measure the dimensions of media policy in satellite channels directed from the point of view of the communicator, and this research is classified among the descriptive studies, as the researcher used the survey method to answer the questions that were formulated in light of the research problem represented by the main question: What are the dimensions of media policy in Directed satellite channels? .
To achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher used the following tools:
The questionnaire, in order to survey the attitudes of communicators about the extent to which the media policy during crises reflects on their professional standards. The research community is represente

For the first time in Iraq, the crustacean Ergasilus ogawai Kabata,

1992 was recorded from the gills of Silurus triostegus, Mastacembelus mastacembelus, Mystus pelusius and Acanthopagrus latus out of 12 fish species caught from Garmat Ali river north of Basrah city during the period from September 1999 till August 2000. The percentage incidence of infestations of these four fish species were 98.9%, 100%,

49.6% and 71.4% while the intensity of infestations were 417, 81.8,

3.4 and 2, respectively. No significant differences in infestations of

male and female hosts  with this crustacean were detected.

   Municipal solid waste is one of the most important environmental problems in the world and is an important source of environmental pollution and contributes significantly to the pollution of the basic environmental elements of soil, water and air. The management of municipal waste in general is a process of monitoring, collection, treatment or recycling if possible or disposal of waste. This term is used for waste produced by some human activities. States provide this process to mitigate the negative effects of waste on the environment, health and appearance of the city. It is possible to find solutions to the problem of solid waste and make it an important source of income and contribute to securing employment oppor