There are many diseases that affect the arteries, especially those related to their elasticity and stiffness, and they can be guessed by estimating and calculating the modulus of elasticity. Hence, the accurate calculation of the elastic modulus leads to an accurate assessment of these diseases, especially in their early stages, which can contribute to the treatment of these diseases early. Most of the calculations used the one-dimensional (1D) modulus of elasticity. From a mechanical point of view, the stresses to which the artery is subjected are not one-dimensional, but three-dimensional. Therefore, estimating at least a two-dimensional (2D) modulus of elasticity will necessarily be more accurate. To the knowledge of researchers, there is a lack of published research on this subject, as well as a paucity of research that designed and implemented a 2D tensile testing device (2DTTD). However, there is no inspection of arterial flexibility and elasticity using the 2DTTD adequately studied before. Therefore, the aim of this work is to design and implement the 2DTTD to scrutinize if there is a difference between the 1D and 2D tensile examination. Different sized rectangular silicone specimens were manually fabricated; they were tested individually using the fabricated 2DTTD, which mainly comprises four actuators synchronously working with the same velocity and axial load force, two at each axis. As expected using the 2DTTD, the dimensions of the specimen remarkably influence the tensile testing results; the strain and stress rates and the modulus of elasticity were influenced. To validate the acquired 2D tensile testing results, the 1D tensile testing was performed using the same fabricated 2DTTD and compared to results gained using another tensile testing apparatus. During the verification process, the input data for models calibration were sufficiently and accurately provided. The results showed reasonable precision and reliability in calculations of the 2D stress and strain rates during the whole deformation process. Each mechanical device that has been used has the possibility to stretch and squeeze the sample and log the change in the specimen elongation. The authors thought that the present experimental methodology was applied to the linear mechanical device successfully, where the encoder that is attached to tested samples was in the principal direction. The present method is used to measure the deformation in a manner that differs from the traditional digital image correlation method, which required a toolset that is more expensive, where it incorporates high-accuracy optical equipment.
Abstract
This paper presents mechanical and electrical design, and implementation process of industrial robot, 3-DoF type SCARA (selective compliment assembly robot arm),with two rotations and one translation used for welding applications.The design process also included the controller design which was based on PLC(programmable logic controller) as well as selection of mechanical and electrical components.The challenge was to use the available components in Iraq with reasonable costs. The robot mentioned is fully automated using programmable logic controller PLC(Zelio type SR3-B261BD),with 16inputs and 10 outputs. The PLC was implemented in FBD logic to obtain three different automatic motions with hi
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Abstract:
Due to the importance of technology and the accompanying changes of the environment affecting companies that use the technology mainly in their work, especially as most companies live in an unstable dynamic environment, which motivated the researchers to choose the International Company for smart card (Keycard) as a field of research and find ways to them to face Those changes.
The problem of the study was "limited attention to the components of technological change", which included research and development, innovation and information technology, which had an impact on the design decisions of the process (process selection, cust
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Ball and Plate (B&P) system is a benchmark system in the control engineering field that has been used to verify many control methods. In this paper the design of a sliding mode . controller has been investigated and verified in real-time via implementation on a real ball and plate system hardware. The mathematical model has been derived and the necessary parameters have been measured. The sliding mode controller has been designed based on the obtained mathematical model. The resulting controller has been implemented using the Arduino Mega 2560 and a ball and plate system built completely from scratch. The Arduino has been programmed by the Arduino support target for Simulink. Three test signals has been used for verification purposes
... Show MoreThe present work evaluated the differences in mechanical properties of two athletic prosthetic feet samples when subjected to impact while running. Two feet samples designated as design A and B were manufactured using layers of different orientations of woven glass fiber reinforced with unsaturated polyester resin as bonding epoxy. The samples’ layers were fabricated with hand lay-up method. A theoretical study was carried out to calculate the mechanical properties of the composite material used in feet manufacturing, then experimental load-deflection test was applied at 0 degree position and 25 degree dorsiflexion feet position and impact test were applied for both feet designs to observe the behavior
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Abstract. In this paper, a high order extended state observer (HOESO) based a sliding mode control (SMC) is proposed for a flexible joint robot (FJR) system in the presence of time varying external disturbance. A composite controller is integrated the merits of both HOESO and SMC to enhance the tracking performance of FJR system under the time varying and fast lumped disturbance. First, the HOESO estimator is constructed based on only one measured state to precisely estimate unknown system states and lumped disturbance with its high order derivatives in the FJR system. Second, the SMC scheme is designed based on such accurate estimations to govern the nominal FJR system by well compensating the estimation errors in the states and the lumped
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The Gender study is consider one of the concepts which the Postmodernism reached
after the end of Modernism, where the first one has limited the criticism study choices before
the second after closed many doors of subjects which was enriched by researches.
It is pretty clear that the root of this concept belongs to the Linguistics which provided
the Criticism with a countable reasons of it is growth.
The attention in the study of gender in Feminine Literature and Criticism increased in
Arabic studies since the early years of twenty one century, so this research is presented to be
an introduction to this subject which could pave the way to more studies.
In addition to the Gender studies this research deals with ano
A localized stenosis or aneurysm is a discontinuity that presents the pulse wave produced by the contracting heart with a reflection site. However, neither wave speed ( c) in these discontinuities nor the size of reflection in relation to the size of the discontinuity has been adequately studied before. Therefore, the aim of this work is to study the propagation of waves traversing flexible tubes in the presence of aneurysm and stenosis in vitro. We manufactured different sized four stenosis and four aneurysm silicone sections, connected one at a time to a flexible ‘mother’ tube, at the inlet of which a single semi-sinusoidal wave was generated. Pressure and velocity were measured simultaneously 25 cm downstream the inlet of th
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In this paper, variable gain nonlinear PD and PI fuzzy logic controllers are designed and the effect of the variable gain characteristic of these controllers is analyzed to show its contribution in enhancing the performance of the closed loop system over a conventional linear PID controller. Simulation results and time domain performance characteristics show how these fuzzy controllers outperform the conventional PID controller when used to control a nonlinear plant and a plant that has time delay.
In this paper, variable gain nonlinear PD and PI fuzzy logic controllers are designed and the effect of the variable gain characteristic of these controllers is analyzed to show its contribution in enhancing the performance of the closed loop system over a conventional linear PID controller. Simulation results and time domain performance characteristics show how these fuzzy controllers outperform the conventional PID controller when used to control a nonlinear plant and a plant that has time delay.