The instant global trend towards developing tight reservoir is great; however, development can be very challenging due to stress and geomechanical properties effect in horizontal well placement and hydraulic fracturing design. Many parameters are known to be important to determine the suitable layer for locating horizontal well such as petrophysical and geomechanical properties. In the present study, permeability sensitivity to stress is also considered in the best layer selection for well placement. The permeability sensitivity to the stress of the layers was investigated using measurements of 27 core sample at different confining stress values. 1-D mechanical earth model (MEM) was built and converted to a 3-D full-field geomechanical model to reach perfect layer choice. The analysis of results has diagnosed the maximum horizontal stress direction of NE-SW as determined using both Fullbore Formation Micro Imager FMI and sonic scanner anisotropy analysis. The effect of porosity and permeability compaction as a result of stress changes while reservoir depletion is including on the reservoir simulation model. The choice of best layer and optimum design criteria for hydraulic fracturing is done in the current study using a compaction simulation model with the results of available measurements of geomechanical properties. The results of the simulation model show that the formation sensitivity to stress is an important factor for detecting a suitable layer for horizontal wells placement. The results of MEM indicate that horizontal stress difference (Δσ) and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) are the most important factors among geomechanical parameters affected the layer selection. From simulation results, it was found that 225 to 275 m fracture half-length gives a higher increment in oil production. The optimum number of fracture stages is noticed to be 8 to 10 stages after which the increment in production will reduce.
Fiber reinforced polymer composite is an important material for structural application. The diversified application of FRP composite has taken center of attraction for interdisciplinary research. However, improvements on mechanical properties of this class of materials are still under research for different applications. In this paper we have modified the epoxy matrix by Al2O3, SiO2 and TiO2 nano particles in glass fiber/epoxy composite to improve the mechanical and physical properties. The composites are fabricated by hand lay-up method. It is observed that mechanical properties like flexural strength, hardness are more in case of SiO2 modified epoxy composite compare to other nano
... Show MoreMicroscope images are characterized by a number of specific parameters, the influence of such parameters (intensity, magnification, numerical aperture, diaphragms aperture, segmentation, and edge detecting technique) on measurement in optical microscope images have been determined with using a powerful image processing methods. As one of the most widespread techniques in biological investigation and dynamic process, light compound microscopy has used to analyze the optical properties of biological images. The results indicate that a wide aperture allows maximum resolution and depth of field, but decreases the contrast. While a small aperture improve visibility and contrast but decreases the resolution. The results also show the best perf
... Show MoreIn this paper, a novel coronavirus (COVID-19) model is proposed and investigated. In fact, the pandemic spread through a close contact between infected people and other people but sometimes the infected people could show two cases; the first is symptomatic and the other is asymptomatic (carrier) as the source of the risk. The outbreak of Covid-19 virus is described by a mathematical model dividing the population into four classes. The first class represents the susceptible people who are unaware of the disease. The second class refers to the susceptible people who are aware of the epidemic by media coverage. The third class is the carrier individuals (asymptomatic) and the fourth class represents the infected ind
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In this research CdTe and CdTe: Cu thin films with different doping ratios (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5) %, were deposited by thermal evaporation technique under vacuum on glass substrates at room temperature in thickness 450 nm. The measurements of electrical conductivity (σ), and activation energies (Ea1, Ea2), have been investigated on (CdTe) thin films as a function of doping ratios, as well as the effect of the heat treatment at (373, 423, and 473) K° for one hour on these measurements were calculated and all results are discussed. The electrical conductivity measurements show all films prepared contain two types of transport mechanisms, and the electrical conductivity (σ) increases where
... Show MoreBackground: The effect of garlic extracton fungal
growth and keratinolytic activity was studied in
Trichophytonmentagrophytes as one of the major
etiologic agents of human and animal dermatophytosis
in Baghdad and other parts of the World.
Objective: To investigated an alternative
antidermatophyte with minimum side effects which is
plant based and biodegradable natural product
Methods: Culture conditions for 30 isolates of T.
mentagrophytes isolated from human dermatophytosis
from both sexes with ages of 5-63 years in Central
Medical city for the period July 2009 to October 2009
were cultured on specific solid medium.
Results: The aqueous extract of garlic at various
concentrations inhibited the
The purpose of this work is to study the classification and construction of (k,3)-arcs in the projective plane PG(2,7). We found that there are two (5,3)-arcs, four (6,3)-arcs, six (7,3)arcs, six (8,3)-arcs, seven (9,3)-arcs, six (10,3)-arcs and six (11,3)-arcs. All of these arcs are incomplete. The number of distinct (12,3)-arcs are six, two of them are complete. There are four distinct (13,3)-arcs, two of them are complete and one (14,3)-arc which is incomplete. There exists one complete (15,3)-arc.
The cyanobacteria strains were used in bioreactors to produce biomass. The total biomass after one month in suitable conditions such as efficient gas exchange, powerful light source and suitable medium composition was 7.99 mg/ml for N. commune and 5.83mg/ml for A. circinalis. These algae were applied alone or mixed in two rates (5 or 10 ml/ 100 g compost); Azotobacter chroococcum was used before 7 days of harvesting or with other cyanobacteria species. The total Nitrogen showed 1.84% with Azotobacter, however the nitrogen in mix culture was 1.80% mean while, the control treatment was 1.49%.. These results indicate that we can reduce chemical fertilizers by 1/4 or may 1/2 dose of normal requirement on growth and yield of chickpea plant.
... Show MoreThis study was conducted in Wasit governorate for the period between February 2012 to February 2013 to determine the impact of Castor seed oil at different concentrations 100, 75, 50 and 25% in inhibition of the growth of E. coli isolated from 52 male and female patients (2-70 yrs) attending Al Zahra Hospital and Al Karama Hospital in Kut city. Oil was extracted from seeds of Castor had the ability to inhibit E. coli isolated from patients presented with recurrent urinary tract infections . Zone of inhibition accomplishing was 9.06 mm in diameter.HPLC analysis revealed that the content of α-linolenic in Castor seed oil (18.90 μg\ml) was higher than other fatty acids followed by oleic. Perhaps this is why it able to inhibit E. coli; whi
... Show MoreAtmospheric transmission is disturbed by scintillation, where scintillation caused more beam divergence. In this work target image spot radius was calculated in presence of atmospheric scintillation. The calculation depend on few relevant equation based on atmospheric parameter (for Middle East), tracking range, expansion ratio of applied beam expander's, receiving unit lens F-number, and the laser wavelength besides photodetector parameter. At maximum target range Rmax =20 km, target image radius is at its maximum Rs=0.4 mm. As the range decreases spot radius decreases too, until the range reaches limit (4 km) at which target image spot radius at its minimum value (0.22 mm). Then as the range decreases, spot radius increases due to geom
... Show MoreBackground: The aim of the study was to evaluate the amount of changes in the horizontal and vertical maxillary arch dimensions measurements following the premature loss of primary molars. Materials and methods: The sample consist of (50) children with unilateral prematurely extracted either first or second primary molars at the mixed dentition stage. Results and Conclusions: Results shows that there was an increase in the vertical incisor to canine distance (A) with both premature loss of first & second primary molars due to distal movement of primary canines and at the same time there were a significant loss of space in the extraction space with premature loss of second primary molar due to a mesial movement of maxillary first permanent
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