Islamic manuscripts are considered an identity for the civilizational, cognitive and cultural development of nations and the Islamic world as a whole, and to identify this identity, the closing statement usually written at the end of the manuscript helps us with this, meaning that the closing entries serve as the identity document of the manuscript

     Islamic manuscripts are considered an identity for the civilizational, cognitive and cultural development of nations and the Islamic world as a whole, and to identify this identity

The harsh human suffering experienced by the Andalusians were a religious conflict and racist impact on all aspects of public life. The religious factor most important factors that determined the nature of the hostile relationship between the Andalusian and Castilian, Castile has sought to make them Christians by force through laws that deprived them of all their rights. In spite of the large number of those laws, the authority admitted inability to subdue the Andalusians to its will through the issuance of the final decree of expulsion.

The Al-Shishtary is considered one of the well-known Andalus poets. His poetry represents a flood of kind emotions, springs from the sincere sources of Divine Love, and this is what we felt in his life and his literary prestige. He was a poet who was familiar withthe art of his timeknowsthe oldand popularintellectual assets ofIslamicSciencesof Sharee'a. This wide culture, which he had, is available to him through his many travels between the coasts of Syria, Egypt and others ... to become Imam of the religion way known as(Al-Shishtariyah)resonatedin the hearts ofthe general publicespecially the poor people. This showshis smoothand influential styleand his humanitarian andsimple words which resonate in the hearts of his followers, therefo

The research tackles the monetary policy of the Abassynian state in Baghdad – the center of the Abassynian caliphate in her last days. This age lasts for morethan eight decades . success – sively four caliphates ruled throuyhout these decades. First. ALNaser Ledeen Alah. AL- Daher Be Amer Alah, AL- mustanser Be-Alah then ALmustausem Be-Alah. This caliphate witnessed a sense of release from the boundage of the Salju guian supremqcy which resulted in an interest in coinage of money (Dinarsamd derhem) and engraving it usiny new forms and new weight that reflects the states monetary independence and national sovereignity being an essencial means for treating in the ex– change of trading between people. Caliphat e also made sure of prot

تعد الرمانسية ثورة فنية وسياسية والجتماعية وايدلوجية ذات أهمية كبيرة، وقد احتلت جزءاً من القرن التاسع عشر وجزءاً أكبر من القرن العشرين في أوربا وبقية العالم، ومازالت تظهر ملامحها في كثير من الاعمال الادبية حتى الآن، مثل الحرية والفردية والديمقراطية والوطنية  وكثير من الامور.

The prophet said that it anybody burdened any of the people or the book more than they could endure he would ben his opponent until the day of judgment.

-under the rightly guided caliphs the Christians had much freedom .this is shown by a letter attributed to ishu-yab III. The Nestorian catholics.

-The third caliph,Uthman favoured the Christians either because of the spcial skills or abilities which they possessed or through the imfluence of his Christian wife Na'ila.

-Under the early Umayyade,the christiansins the Isalamic umma had as much freedom as they had previously enjoyed under the best of their Christians governments because they restorted their churches and appointed many Christians to the

لابد لكل باحث في أي موضوع يرغب في عن القارة الافريقية  والمناطق المسلمة منها بشكل خاص ان يتلمس طرق حريتها وتحريرها وانعتاقها علية التحري والبحث عن العقدة الدينية التي عتنقها اهلها والتي جعلت منهم تواقين الى الحرية واثر هذة العقدة على ذلك الانسان في التحرير من كل اشكال العبودية

Minister Yacoub Ben Keles distinguished himself with leadership and administrative talents, as well as his abilities in the field of jurisprudence, which made him the top political, administrative and cultural scene of the Fatimid state and left its mark on it by influencing its fateful decisions.
He was the son of Kels of the Jews of Baghdad, where he learned writing and arithmetic, and moved with his father to Syria and then carried him to Egypt.
Egypt embraced the son of Kels, living in a transitional period from the Achaishid era to the Fatimid period. Both these two covenants reconciled this man to his career until he became minister in the Fatimids in 368 A.H. / 978 A.D.
His character was overshadowed by most of the state'

The role of Iraqi newspapers in instilling political culture among the public after 2003, a field study on the audience of the city of Baghdad, University of Baghdad, College of Information, Department of Journalism, 2019,
The problem of research is to investigate the role of Iraqi newspapers in instilling the political culture of individuals after 2003, and monitor this role Through the contents and messages provided by the Iraqi newspapers to the public. the research is classified within descriptive research, it adopts the survey methodology and used the questionnaire tool. In fact, the questionnaire was distributed to a sample of 400 individuals that was selected according to the method of multi-stage cluster sample of those who re