Background: A case-control study design revealeda relationship between the present of fluoride, and the reduction of dental caries and the increase prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis .The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and severity of dental caries in relation to dental fluorosis among school children in Al-Muthana'a Governorate. Materials and methods: It was conducted among primary school students aged 12 years old, the age was taken according to the criteria of World Health Organization (1997) (1).The number of students was selected in each sector of control group according to number of schools in that sector .Sectors of control group which depend on water of river as source of drinking water. Case group which inc

Toxoplasma gondii has a worldwide distribution and it is one of the most prevalent infectious agents in Iraq. The study was conducted on 200 serum samples of unmarried female university of students age ranged between 18 to 26 years to detect Toxoplasma gondii antibodies. The aim of this study was to detect T. gondii antibodies among unmarried female students in Iraqi universities using different serological tests. Seventy six (38%) serum samples out of 200 subjects were positive for toxoplasma antibodies by Latex agglutination test (LAT). Among 76 LAT sera positive ,only 58 (29%) serum samples were positive with toxoplasma IgG ELISA test , however , the results of IgM ELISA assay were positive only for 3 (1.5%) unmarried

Abstract

The current research aims to identify the psychological security of students in the kindergarten department and identify if there is a significant difference between stage one and stage four students. To do this, the researcher adopted the psychological research scale of (Al-mohamdawi, 2007) that consisted of (30) items. It was administered to (120) female students chosen randomly from the kindergarten department in the college of education for women for the academic year (2029-2021). The results revealed that students in the kindergarten department have psychological security. There is a significant difference between stage one and four students in favor of stage four students.

Hopelessness can be consider as a subtype of depressions, it can be defined as having no expectation of good or success, giving no ground for hope, incapable of solution management or accomplishment .

Hopelessness is one of psychological variables that distinguish negative personalities because there are positive correlation between hopelessness and variables such as : anxiety, depression, suicide thought and so on .

One of the important variables correlate with hopelessness is low self-esteem, many studies indicate that there are statistically significant inverse relationship between the two variables, the present study aimed to :

1. Measures hopeless

This current study aims at recognizing the feelings of Baghdad University students towards life quality. The research variables are: gender (male, female), the academic specialization (science, humanities), the academic stage (2^nd, 4^th). To achieve the research aims, the researcher adopted Life Quality Scale of (Mensi and Kadhim 2006) which is consist of (56) items in its final figure in five alternatives. The researcher tested the psychometric features of the scale represented by validity and reliability. The scale has been applied on a sample of Baghdad University students that is contained of (240) students equally distributed in the Colleges of Engineering, Science, Arts, and Political sciences.

أهمية البحث والحاجة إليه:

تبدو لنا المسؤولية الاجتماعية بأنها أحدى الخصائص التي يكتسبها الفرد من بيئته الاجتماعية, بتأثير مجموعة القيم التي تحكم سلوك الأفراد في ذلك المجتمع فتبدأ المسؤولية الاجتماعية بأولى صورها على شكل إدراك الفرد لمتطلبات المجتمع وإدراكه لدوره في المساهمة في أنجاز تلك المتطلبات, وفي الواقع إن الإدراك لوحده لا يكفي لان يمارس الفرد مسؤوليته داخل المجتمع, فيظهر المستوى الأخر و

Represents the individual's sense of responsibility in various forms, important for personal normal traits, whether the responsibility towards the family, or the institution in which it operates, or about colleagues and friends and neighbors and other people who mingle with them, or about society in general, or about humanity as a whole, though the hair everyone in the community of responsibility towards other people who are assigned to care for them and take care of them, and some noticeable work that people anywhere if Have the social responsibility, and stressed in their actions to the general principles of such cooperation, sacrifice and altruism and love and helping others, and if it prevailed in such behaviors, it will be r

Aim: This study aimed to assessing orthodontic knowledge and attitude among general dentists and non-orthodontic specialists. Background: Early detection of orthodontic disorders is essentialin motivating patients to intervene prior to long term complications when the disorders are not recongised. Methods: A questionnaire was distributed amongst dentistsother than orthodontists. This questionnaire consisted of three sections. The first one aimed to collect demographic, educational level and practice type information. Further two sections consisted of closed-end questions designed to evaluateknowledge and attitude of orthodontics. Results: A total of 313 responses to the survey were submitted. No significant correlation was observed, e