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القواعد الدولية للملاحة في المضائق الدولية
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لا شك ان للبحار والمحيطات أهمية قصوى في حياة الافراد والشعوب ليس على صعيد توفير المصادر الغذائية والثروات المعدنية حسب، وانما كأداة رئيسة ميسورة في عمليات النقل والمواصلات بين الامم. ولذلك فقد سعى المجتمع الدولي منذ مدة طويلة، الى تنظيم استغلال هذا المورد المهم، ووضع القواعد الكفيلة باستخدامه التي تعد في الواقع، البداية الحقيقية لظهور قواعد القانون الدولي، والباعث الاول على قيامه.

      وقد احتل موضوع تنظيم الملاحة في المضايق الدولية مكانا بارزا على هذا الصعيد، نظراً لما لهذه المضايق من تأثير فاعل في سير العمليات الملاحية عبر البحار، وما تشكله من حلقات وصل رئيسة فيما بينها. وعلى هذا الاساس، جرى تنظيم الوضع القانوني للعديد من المضايق الدولية الهامة كالمضايق التركية والدانماركية ومضيق جبل طارق ومضيق ماجلان، طبقا لاتفاقيات دولية خاصة بها.

      وقد تعاظمت اهمية المضايق الدولية بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية نتيجة للتطور التكنلوجي الهائل في وسائط النقل البحري ووسائل استكشاف واستغلال البحار، وما رافقه من تقدم في الانشطة العسكرية والتجارية والمدنية المختلفة، وتطور في الاستراتيجية البحرية للدول بوجه عام والدول العظمى على وجه الخصوص، الأمر الذي انعكس بدوره في مدة وجيزة من الزمن على النظام القانوني الملاحي للمضايق الدولية، وهذا ما يبدو واضحا من خلال القواعد التي ارستها الممارسات العرفية في هذا المجال والاتفاقيات الدولية وفي مقدمتها اتفاقيات جنيف لعام ١٩٥٨ واتفاقية قانون البحار لعام ١٩٨٢ - التي اضفت الصفة الدولية على الكثير من المضايق التي لم تكن تخضع لهذه الصفة من قبل، ووسعت من نطاق مفهوم المرور عبر المضايق الدولية من حق المرور البريء الى حق المرور العابر الذي يعتبر في رأي البعض الاقرب الى نظلم  لمرور الحر في اعالي البحار.

وعلى الرغم من تعدد ميادين استخدام البحار وتنوعها، الا ان استخدامها كميدان للملاحة التجارية بين الدول يعد الاهم من بينها على الاطلاق، كما ويشكل العمود الفقري للاقتصاد العالمي في عصر يتميز بالتبادل والترابط الوثيق بين اعضاء المجتمع الدولي. ولذلك فقد تعين ازالة المعوقات والعقبات كافة التي من شأنها ان تعرقل حرية المرور عبر المضايق الدولية، مع الاخذ بعين الاعتبار الحفاظ على المصالح السيادية والامنية والبيئية للدول المطلة على هذه المضايق. أي يتعين ايجاد نظام قانوني ملاحي للمضايق الدولية يحقق التوزان العادل بين المصالح الوطنية لهذه الدول من جهة، والمصالح العليا او الحيوية للمجتمع الدولي من جهة اخرى.

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Publication Date
Sun Apr 01 2018
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
"The Impact of International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSASs) on the Public Budget in Iraq"
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     The aim of the research is to determine the impact of the Iraqi public budget on IPSASs by conducting the questionnaire; the research was based on the hypothesis that "there is an impact of the adoption of the International Accounting Standards in the general budget of Iraq”. The research concluded that the government accounting system closely interferes with the general budget at all stages. The shifting towards the accrual basis is the first element of the reform package towards reaching the reform of the state budget. Without reforming government accounting, it is almost impossible to develop the budget. IPSASs are a recognized reference to the assessment and development of governmen

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Publication Date
Sat Dec 15 2018
Journal Name
Journal Of Legal Sciences
The crime of sexual exploitation of children In the light of constitutional principles and international standards Child rights
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Sexual abuse of children is a flagrant transgression on human, social, and family values, such values which represent conscience and proper human existence, culprits in such crimes aim to make material gain using children as commodity, to be bought and sold, and subject to supply and demand, and their prices increases and decrease accordingly,  this crime Is an aggression towards public interest, for what in contains of damage to fundamental tenets of a sound society, it affects human dignity for the most fragile in society.

        The phenomenon of sexual abuse of children is a closed and concerning one, therefore the importance of research on it lies in the fact that it is a serious atte

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Publication Date
Tue Jan 05 2010
Journal Name
Political Sciences Journal
وقائع واوراق ندوة ( السياسة الخارجية الامريكية في عهد اوباما) / فرع الدراسات الدولية
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وقائع واوراق ندوة (السياسة الخارجية الامريكية في عهد اوباما) التي عقدها فرع الدراسات الدولية في 25 تشرين الثاني 2009

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Publication Date
Thu Feb 28 2019
Journal Name
Journal Of Accounting And Financial Studies ( Jafs )
A Proposed Framework to Developing the Auditor's Reporting in Iraq in Accordance With the International Standards on Auditing
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The international reporting auditor witness rapidly developed over the past years, where profession began give attention to the development of auditor reporting and improve its informational report through the issuance and amendment of some relevant international auditing standards. The reality of the situation refers to the failure to inform the auditor in Iraq in  many areas, including: Clearly defined management responsibility for the preparation of financial and auditor's responsibility to express an opinion on these statements and Amendment of opinion when the financial statements as a whole is free from material misstatement based on the evidence is sufficient and appropriate audit, or not to build the auditor's ability to obt

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Publication Date
Wed Jun 15 2022
Journal Name
Journal Of Legal Sciences
Criminal Penalties against individuals and the problems of execution according to the basic system of the international criminal court
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The international community has  sought to establish a judicial institution that works to apply the law fairly، as a result of a necessity dictated by the circumstances of the international community، and Because of the great violations against humanity in times of peace and war، and in order to establish the parameters of international criminal justice between all societies and countries، this necessity resulted in the idea of ​​establishing an international criminal court . A court that enjoys independence and impartiality  exercising  its international jurisdiction according to legal procedures to suo any one  accused of committing an international crime in to inflict Penalties against him or her، whether

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Crossref
Publication Date
Wed Jun 15 2022
Journal Name
Journal Of Legal Sciences
Referral and Prosecution Authority before the International Criminal Court According to the 1998 Rome Statute
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The ICC is a reclining judicial body that punishes ordinary persons for crimes committed and falls within its jurisdiction in accordance with article (5) of the Court's Statute: crimes of extermination, war, aggression, and crimes against humanity. This gives the international community the right as affected by these acts to initiate criminal proceedings to punish the perpetrator. However, this right has not been left so and without regulation, but has been enshrined in the Rome Statute - whether with regard to those who are qualified to exercise this right, or with the restrictions to which it responds, requiring the ICC to exercise its powers to take some previous actions in contact with the Court in connection with the case, the most

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Publication Date
Sun May 02 2021
Journal Name
Journal Of Accounting And Financial Studies ( Jafs )
Enhancing Auditor Reporting In Light Of International Assurance Standards And Their Reflection On Activating The Credibility Of Sustainability Reports
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The Assurance Services Are Represented By Expressing A Clear And Independent Opinion On All Financial And Non-Financial Information, As It Is Broader Than The Services Related To Auditing Financial Statements And Expressing Opinion (Certification) And Extends Them To A Wider Range, And It Is Possible To Distinguish Between Auditing And Certification Services And Confirming That Audit Services Relate To Expressing Opinion On Financial Statements And Certification Services Related To By Expressing An Opinion On A Wide Range Of Financial Information And More Broadly Than The Financial Statements And Assurance Services That Include Expressing An Opinion On Integrated Financial And Non-Financial Information And From This Standpoint Came The I

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Publication Date
Thu Jun 15 2023
Journal Name
Journal Of Legal Sciences
Termination of the International Sales Contract from the Point of View of International Courts and Arbitral Tribunals
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The termination of the international sales contract is one of the solutions that the parties and the law resort to resolve some fundamental violations that occur in the contract for any reason, but determining the fundamental reason that leads to the termination of the contract is the most extreme type of treatment of the fundamental violation that has been interpreted differently by international experts, whether courts international bodies or international arbitration committees. And in relation to the difficulty of determining the fundamental violation that leads to the termination of the contract and the exceptions contained in cases that are considered a fundamental violation and that are not considered a fundamental violation, the

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Publication Date
Wed Feb 05 2020
Journal Name
Political Sciences Journal
Overlapping international positions United State and Russian Federation towards the Syrian crisis
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Abstract: Due to the geopolitical importance of Syria in the Middle East region, which constitutes the captain's egg in regional and international balances, which made it a battleground, specifically after 2011 through the outbreak of the Syrian revolution and exacerbation was significantly to form an international crisis, and the emergence of intense regional competition. A broad regional polarization, the main objective of which is the uniqueness of regional leadership among the regional leaders of the region's leadership (Iran, Israel, Turkey, Saudi Arabia), It has taken a wide turn which resulted in a significant development in political events, which led to the failure of regional influential poles in the region to contain the crisi

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Publication Date
Wed Mar 20 2030
Journal Name
College Of Islamic Sciences
equality between man and woman                           Among Islamic law               International conventions and agreements
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equality between man and woman
                          Among Islamic law
              International conventions and agreements

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