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القواعد الدولية للملاحة في المضائق الدولية
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لا شك ان للبحار والمحيطات أهمية قصوى في حياة الافراد والشعوب ليس على صعيد توفير المصادر الغذائية والثروات المعدنية حسب، وانما كأداة رئيسة ميسورة في عمليات النقل والمواصلات بين الامم. ولذلك فقد سعى المجتمع الدولي منذ مدة طويلة، الى تنظيم استغلال هذا المورد المهم، ووضع القواعد الكفيلة باستخدامه التي تعد في الواقع، البداية الحقيقية لظهور قواعد القانون الدولي، والباعث الاول على قيامه.

      وقد احتل موضوع تنظيم الملاحة في المضايق الدولية مكانا بارزا على هذا الصعيد، نظراً لما لهذه المضايق من تأثير فاعل في سير العمليات الملاحية عبر البحار، وما تشكله من حلقات وصل رئيسة فيما بينها. وعلى هذا الاساس، جرى تنظيم الوضع القانوني للعديد من المضايق الدولية الهامة كالمضايق التركية والدانماركية ومضيق جبل طارق ومضيق ماجلان، طبقا لاتفاقيات دولية خاصة بها.

      وقد تعاظمت اهمية المضايق الدولية بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية نتيجة للتطور التكنلوجي الهائل في وسائط النقل البحري ووسائل استكشاف واستغلال البحار، وما رافقه من تقدم في الانشطة العسكرية والتجارية والمدنية المختلفة، وتطور في الاستراتيجية البحرية للدول بوجه عام والدول العظمى على وجه الخصوص، الأمر الذي انعكس بدوره في مدة وجيزة من الزمن على النظام القانوني الملاحي للمضايق الدولية، وهذا ما يبدو واضحا من خلال القواعد التي ارستها الممارسات العرفية في هذا المجال والاتفاقيات الدولية وفي مقدمتها اتفاقيات جنيف لعام ١٩٥٨ واتفاقية قانون البحار لعام ١٩٨٢ - التي اضفت الصفة الدولية على الكثير من المضايق التي لم تكن تخضع لهذه الصفة من قبل، ووسعت من نطاق مفهوم المرور عبر المضايق الدولية من حق المرور البريء الى حق المرور العابر الذي يعتبر في رأي البعض الاقرب الى نظلم  لمرور الحر في اعالي البحار.

وعلى الرغم من تعدد ميادين استخدام البحار وتنوعها، الا ان استخدامها كميدان للملاحة التجارية بين الدول يعد الاهم من بينها على الاطلاق، كما ويشكل العمود الفقري للاقتصاد العالمي في عصر يتميز بالتبادل والترابط الوثيق بين اعضاء المجتمع الدولي. ولذلك فقد تعين ازالة المعوقات والعقبات كافة التي من شأنها ان تعرقل حرية المرور عبر المضايق الدولية، مع الاخذ بعين الاعتبار الحفاظ على المصالح السيادية والامنية والبيئية للدول المطلة على هذه المضايق. أي يتعين ايجاد نظام قانوني ملاحي للمضايق الدولية يحقق التوزان العادل بين المصالح الوطنية لهذه الدول من جهة، والمصالح العليا او الحيوية للمجتمع الدولي من جهة اخرى.

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Publication Date
Wed Feb 05 2020
Journal Name
Political Sciences Journal
The role and effectiveness of the United Nations Security Council in light of the competition of international powers: an analytical study
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Abstract As the United Nations approaches its 70th anniversary, the world is going through the most severe accumulation of serious international security failures in recent memory, challenging the UN Security Council’s ability to address them effectively. Over the past four years, crises in Libya, Syria and Ukraine have precipitated a worrisome erosion of great power relations that has complicated Security Council decision making on a number of trouble spots. Its inability to devise consensus responses to the escalating civil war in Syria has been particularly troubling, resulting in the regional spill over into Iraq and the emergence of Islamic State as a new threat to peace in the region and beyond. Meanwhile, the UN’s often under

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Publication Date
Thu Mar 02 2017
Journal Name
Journal Of Legal Sciences
دور القضاء الدولي في تطوير إلزامية مبادئ القانون الدولي الانساني (محكمة العدل الدولية إنموذجا)
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We had, in this research, the role of international justice in the mandatory principles of international humanitarian law development (ICJ model), where divided by the two sections: the first, outlining the direction of the international character of the judiciary on the Convention and the principles of customary international humanitarian law.

The second section, which handled the position of international justice in the peremptory norms of international humanitarian law of nature.

In conclusion we dealt with the most important conclusions we reached in this regard, and some of the necessary recommendations in this area.

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Publication Date
Sat Dec 21 2024
Journal Name
Al–bahith Al–a'alami
International Public Relations (An Analytical Study of the Speeches of US President Barack Obama Addressed to the Arab Countries in Crisis)
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In the midst of political, cultural and economic fast developments accelerated, the world witnessed, with the accompanied big communication revolutions, many shapes of powers. Those developments were followed by changes in relations of international level.

The most prominent among those developments was the international public relations which became equal to official international relations. Moreover, the international public relations became a complementary element dur to the growth of public opinion and its affection on political regime. Such growth of public opinion pushed the politicians to address it; and try to gain its support.

The US was the first realized the importance of international public relations. Th

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Publication Date
Sat Dec 21 2024
Journal Name
Al–bahith Al–a'alami
THE CULTURAL FACTORS THAT ARE AFFECTING THE COMMUNICATOR IN INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC RELATIONS: ) Reading In Light Of The Theory Of The Cultural Relativism(
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This research addressed the cultural factors that are affecting the communicator in international public relations in light of the theory of the cultural relativism. The research aimed to find out the nature of cultural differences between societies and how can for professionals in international public relations understanding the culture of other and communicate with him peacefully. The researcher used qualitative and interpretative methodology. Some of the important results of the research are: The Communities are affected by cultural factors that are composed from values, customs, traditions, prevailing and inherited ethic, languages, religious beliefs, fashion, gender, colors indi

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Publication Date
Sat Sep 01 2018
Journal Name
Journal Of Accounting And Financial Studies ( Jafs )
The role of risk management programs in Dealing With risks at international airports: An Applied research at Baghdad International Airport
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The objective of the research is to identify the efficiency of risk management in various names at Baghdad International Airport in the face of various risks (financial - technical - human - natural ..) facing the sample of the search of the General Establishment of Civil Aviation and the Iraqi Airways Company where the researcher identified the hypothesis that summarizes There is a significant significant correlation between risk management, risk management and risk review and assessment. The researcher used the means of research from observation and interviews with the relevant officials in this field, as well as used the questionnaire and distributed a sample of 170 employees in the field of risk management (SMS Department) in Iraqi A

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Publication Date
Mon Oct 01 2018
Journal Name
Al–bahith Al–a'alami
International News Agencies Treatment of the Great Return Marches A Case Study of Agence France Presse “AFP”
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This study examines Agence France Presse’s (AFP) media treatment of the Great Return Marches in order to identify its contents, the issues it gave attention to, its sources, attitude, techniques, objectives, the journalistic forms used in covering events and the typographic elements used to highlight them.

This descriptive study employed the survey methodology through the use of content analysis method, and the methodology of mutual relations through the use of the case study method. The data was collected by means of a content analysis form. The study was based on the Agenda Setting Theory in the analysis of the study results.
The study sample included (116) news texts from AFP collected during the period from 20/3/2018 to

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Publication Date
Thu Dec 31 2015
Journal Name
مجلة كلية العلوم الاسلامية
أثر القواعد الفقكية الكبرى في بعض مسائل القضاء
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القواعد الفقهية، باب واسع لإنزال الحكم الشرعي على مستجدات السياسة التي تتزايد يوماً بعد يوم، ومستجدات مسائل القضاء المعقدة، شرط أن تكون القاعدة مستمدة من النصوص الشرعية لفظاً أو دلالة. والأخذ بالقواعد الفقهية في الأحكام التي تخص السياسة الشرعية، أولى بالأخذ من الأحكام الوضعية؛ لأن قواعد الفقه هي خلاصة أحكام توصل إليها فقهاء الأمة بعد الدراسة والتمحيص، وهي مؤهلة وبشكل كبير أن تغطي حاجة أصحاب الولايات الع

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Publication Date
Wed Dec 30 2015
Journal Name
College Of Islamic Sciences
The impact of the major doctrinal rules in Some Judicial Matters
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Jurisprudential rules, a broad section to lower the legitimacy of the ruling on the developments of politics, which is increasing day by day, and developments of complex judicial issues, provided that the rule derived from the texts of the legitimate or verbal significance.
      And the introduction of jurisprudence rules in the provisions concerning the legitimate policy, the first to take from the provisions of the situation; because the rules of jurisprudence is a summary of the provisions reached by the scholars of the nation after study and scrutiny, which is qualified and largely to cover the need of the owners of public mandates.

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Publication Date
Wed Mar 30 2022
Journal Name
College Of Islamic Sciences
The impact of Jurisprudence Rules in Addressing Contemporary security Challenges
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The impact of Jurisprudence Rules in Addressing Contemporary security Challenges

Islamic jurisprudence is related to various fields of knowledge, as it is a science of great value, great in impact, and among the most prominent features of jurisprudence comes the jurisprudence rules. It regulates the principles of the doctrine for the jurist. Therefore, the main this research focuses on (the impact of jurisprudence rules in addressing contemporary security challenges). It is the relationship between jurisprudence rules and achieving security. Its fruit would be a statement of the distinguished impact of jurisprudence rules on the stability of the country, and its leading role in maintaining, strengthening, and pre

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Publication Date
Sat Sep 30 2023
Journal Name
Al–bahith Al–a'alami
Trends in Media Discourse during International Crises: An Analytical Study of the US Withdrawal from the Nuclear Deal
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The research focuses on the withdrawal of the United States from the nuclear agreement signed between the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council and the Islamic Republic of Iran concerning its nuclear program. This withdrawal has caused disruption in the official media discourse of the concerned countries. Therefore, the main question can be posed: Are there differences in the positions of countries related to the nuclear agreement, as well as those countries affected by it, before and after the official withdrawal of the United States on May 8, 2018?
The research aims to shed light on the trends in media discourse of the countries that signed the nuclear agreement and those affected by it b

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