This paper proposes a novel finite-time generalized proportional integral observer (FTGPIO) based a sliding mode control (SMC) scheme for the tracking control problem of high order uncertain systems subject to fast time-varying disturbances. For this purpose, the construction of the controller consists of two consecutive steps. First, the novel FTGPIO is designed to observe unmeasurable plant dynamics states and disturbance with its higher time derivatives in finite time rather than infinite time as in the standard GPIO. In the FTGPO estimator, the finite time convergence rate of estimations is well achieved, whereas the convergence rate of estimations by classical GPIO is asymptotic and slow. Secondly, on the basis of the finite and fast e

This paper is concerned with introducing and studying the new approximation operators based on a finite family of d. g. 'swhich are the core concept in this paper. In addition, we study generalization of some Pawlak's concepts and we offer generalize the definition of accuracy measure of approximations by using a finite family of d. g. 's.

Let G be a finite group and X be a conjugacy class of order 3 in G. In this paper, we introduce a new type of graphs, namely A₄-graph of  G, as a simple graph denoted by A₄(G,X) which has X as a vertex set. Two vertices,  x and y, are adjacent if and only if  x≠y and  x y^-1=y x^-1. General properties  of the A₄-graph as well as the structure of A₄(G,X) when G@ ³D₄(2) will be studied.

This study presents the debonding propagation in single NiTi wire shape memory alloy into linear low-density polyethylene matrix composite the study of using the pull-out test. The aim of this study is to investigate the pull-out tests to check the interfacial strength of the polymer composite in two cases, with activation NiTinol wire and without activation. In this study, shape memory alloy NiTinol wire 2 mm diameter and linear fully annealed straight shape were used. The study involved experimental and finite element analysis and eventually comparison between them. This pull-out test is considered a substantial test because its results have a relation with behavior of smart composite materials. The pull-out test was carried out by a u

The present study aims to study the content and spatial distribution of lead (Pb) contamination in the soils of some Baghdad cities (Middle of Iraq). Twenty soil samples were randomly collected from different land-use in the studied area at a depth between 5 to 30 cm. Ten samples are collected from Al-Rissafa side areas (Adhamiya, Al-Wazeeria (Battery Manufacturer), Shikh Omer, Ziyouna, Karada, Shaab, Sadr city, Al-Za’franiya, Al-Dora expressway, and Alselikh ) and other ten samples are collected from Al-Krakh side areas Al-Dora, Al-Masafi junction, Al-Dora, Sayidia, Al-Salam university college, Al-Bayaa (Industrial District), Jehad, Amirya, Abu Ghraib, Al-hurriya, and Kadhimiya. The soil samples have been analyzed for the lead (P

  The budget in general is a plan of action prepared by the government and works to submit it to the legislative authority for the purpose of approval, and translates its economic and social policy into annual digital targets. In order to know the effectiveness of the public budget, it must be linked to other financial planning tools such as foreign exchange policy and credit policy and measured by the economic and social results and not only financial results.

     And to avoid the shortcomings that accompanied the budget because of the use of the traditional method of balancing items and finding remedies to get out of the financial crises experienced by countries in general and Iraq in particular in the

Abstract

The population is sets of vocabulary common in character or characters and it’s study subject or research . statistically , this sets is called study population (or abridgement population ) such as set of person or trees of special kind of fruits or animals or product  any country for any commodity through infinite temporal period term ... etc.

The population maybe finite if we can enclose the number of its members such as the students of finite school grade . and maybe infinite if we can not enclose the number of it is members such as stars or aquatic creatures in the sea . when we study any character for population the statistical data is concentrate by two metho

In this paper, we show that for the alternating group An, the class C of n- cycle, CC covers An for n when n = 4k + 1 > 5 and odd. This class splits into two classes of An denoted by C and C/, CC= C/C/ was found.

The idea of ​​danger is of particular importance in the design of modern criminal Politics, especially in relation to places that are at the core of the principles of criminal legislation, which are the extent of its importance and its connection to crime and its physical structure in all its components.

             Most criminal legislation takes the danger of a Basis and a criminalization code, reflecting the criminal legislator's keenness to provide greater protection for the fundamental interests of the society. This protection is important and necessary, since it is often possible to wait for the harmful consequences of unlawful conduct.

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