The bandwidth requirements of telecommunication network users increased rapidly during the last decades. Optical access technologies must provide the bandwidth demand for each user. The passive optical access networks (PONs) support a maximum data rate of 100 Gbps by using the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) technique in the optical access network. In this paper, the optical broadband access networks with many techniques from Time Division Multiplexing Passive Optical Networks (TDM PON) to Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex Passive Optical Networks (OFDM PON) are presented. The architectures, advantages, disadvantages, and main parameters of these optical access networks are discussed and reported which have many ad

At the level of both individuals and companies, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) get a wide range of applications and uses. Sensors are used in a wide range of industries, including agriculture, transportation, health, and many more. Many technologies, such as wireless communication protocols, the Internet of Things, cloud computing, mobile computing, and other emerging technologies, are connected to the usage of sensors. In many circumstances, this contact necessitates the transmission of crucial data, necessitating the need to protect that data from potential threats. However, as the WSN components often have constrained computation and power capabilities, protecting the communication in WSNs comes at a significant performance pena

This paper focus on study the variations of monthly tropospheric NO₂ concentrations over three Iraqi cities Baghdad (33.3° N, 44.4° E), Basrah (30.56° N, 47.8° E) and Erbil (36.3° N, 44.06° E). Monthly NO₂ retrievals from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) onboard Aura satellite during the period from October 2004 to March 2013 have been used.  The results show a high monthly and annual NO₂ concentrations at Baghdad than Basra and Erbil may be attribute to high densely populations and a high economic activity. During the whole period, Baghdad, Basrah and Erbil were exhibited an average of NO₂ (8.1±2.5), (3.7±1.3) and (3.3±1.7) in unit 10¹⁵ molecules

The dangerous and potentially blinding condition known as Acanthamoeba keratitis is caused by free-living amoebae of the genus Acanthamoeba. The prevalence of AIDS patients and contact lens wearers has increased in recent years, making cannaeba infections more significant. It's interesting to note that, depending on the parasite, host, and environmental conditions, the pathways linked to Acanthamoeba pathogenesis are frequently extremely complex. Notwithstanding our progress in antibiotic therapy and supportive care, the prevalence of Acanthamoeba keratitis has not decreased

The tactical side in application of offensive plans in basketball did not take a large in scientific research because it always change because it related in mental ability of players and for the condition of the game and researchers notice that from their followed a lot of games for Duhok basketball club in Iraq league. There is a problem that connected in games results it clears in weakness in application of offensive plans in all kind (man to man & zone defense & side ball plans & under basketball and half court). The goal of study concentrate by designing a sheet for som offensive plans for study and analysis to Duhok club on Asian Championship 2011 at the base the sample contained (Iraq Duhok & application science Jordan & Lebanon sport

Background: Breast cancer is a highly heterogeneous disease globally. Trace elements such as copper and zinc have a role in many biochemical reactions as micro source, their metabolism is profoundly altered in neoplastic diseases especially breast cancer which is ranked as the first of female cancersObjective: The aim of the present study is to study the impact of body mass index and some trace elements in Iraqi women with breast cancer.Patients and methods: The group of the study consisted of 25 breast cancer patients; their age range was (25–65) years recruited from the Al-Kadhimia Teaching Hospital and 25 apparently healthy women age matched, over a period of 6 months from January 2015 until June 2015. After the diagnosis was m

In this study , the clinical impact of interaction between gonadotrophin hormones (luteinzing hormone, LH, and follicle stimulating hormone ,FSH ) and prolactin PRL in serum of seventeen Iraqi infertile female with the lipid profile . In addition to control group involving age matched fertile females . Immunoradiometric assay ( IRMA ) technique for the determination of (LH , FSH and PRL) was utilized. The lipid profile { i.e. total cholesterol ( Tc ) , triglycerides (TG) , and high density lipoprotein – Cholestrol ( HDLc )} ,were evaluated by using colorimetric method , while{ low density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDLc ) and very low density lipoprotein – cholesterol ( VLDLc )} , were evaluated by using a mathematical formu

The present study was performed to evaluate the level of some risk factors (biochemical and immunological) in hypothyroid Iraqi patients considering the different thyroid functional states (hypothyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism).The study includes 82 patients clinically diagnosed with hypothyroidism. Three study groups have been investigated: (47 clinical hypothyroid patients, 12 subclinical hypothyroid patients 23 healthy individuals) of different ages. This study, show that the proportion of females (83.3 %), (87.2%) in subclinical and clinical hypothyroidisim respectively higher than the proportion of males (16.7%),(12.8%) in subclinical and clinical hypothyrodism respectively of the total patients.The majority of subclinical hyp

A total of 258 voluntary blood donors (males 101; females 157) in the age range of 18-52 yr among males and 18-55 yr among females were examined for Toxoplasma gondii antibodies (IgG), and (IgM) by immunological technique (Enzyme linked Immunosorbant Assay) during the period from March 2009 to April 2010. This study covered a wide range of factors including immunological, age ,sex , place of residence and symptoms that may have a possible relationship with toxoplasmosis. Results presented in this study showed clearly that 38 (14.7%) of individuals participated in this study having IgG Toxoplasma Ab, among those 10 samples (9.9%) were males and 28 samples (17.8%) were females. Moreover, we found the prevalence of IgM seropositivity in th

Citrus fruit contain variety of flavonoids such as Hesperidin (the principal flavonoid in oranges and grapefruit). Hesperidin is found in high concentration in fruit peel of oranges and in substantially lower concentration in juice of these fruits. Hesperidin was extracted from oranges peel by treating the peels with calcium hydroxide. HPLC technique was used to determine hesperidin. Hesperidin was saperated and purified in a purity of about 90.1-95.7% and yield about 1.5 %w/w from oranges peel dry powder. Both hesperidin and oranges peel extract showed significan antibacterial activity. Sensitivity to hesperidin and oranges peel extracts were not similar for the chosen bacteriaCrude orange peel extract gave a various antimicro