In this paper, Cu2S/CdS solar cells were prepared with different thickness of CdS layer, these layers were prepared by using chemical spray pyrolysis technique. The chemical spray solution was prepared by mixing cadmium chloride CdCl2 and thiourea CS(NH2)2 of molar concentration 0.1 M/L, the CdS layer was formed after the solution was sprayed on hot Aluminum substrate at temperature 400°C. Experimentally the type of CdS film was found as n–type depending on the results of Hall Effect, the value of the Hall factor (RH) is about – 1.348 x 10–6 m3/C and the density of the majority charge carriers (N) is about 4.64x1018 cm–3. The prepared film was tested by using X-Ray diffraction; the result shows that the film was CdS with a polycrystalline structure. The Cu2S layer was prepared by using Chemical dip process; this layer was formed on the surface of the CdS film and it is always p-type. The heat treatment was utilized to form the p–n junction. The current-voltage characteristics of p-Cu2S\n-CdS solar cells was studied, the efficiency of the prepared cells of different thickness; (2.19, 2.52, 3.64, and 5.55) μm of CdS layer was calculated at 85.4 mW/cm2 light intensities, the results show that the thickness of the polycrystalline CdS film is an important parameter affecting the cell efficiency.
Background: Squamous cell carcinoma is a disease of elderly peopleand it is uncommon in people with less than 40 years old; however many literatures revealed that tumor developing in patients younger than forty years appears more aggressive at the time of diagnosis. The purpose of the present study was to focus on the clincopathological features of the oral SCC in different age groups. Material and methods: In this study thirty five cases of paraffin embedded tissue blocks of oral squamous cell carcinoma were studied. The age range was from 16 to 80 years. The clinicopathological data were recorded for evaluating the tumor characters according to age of patients. Results : The age was not significantly correlated to the clinicopathological
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This research dealt with choosing the best satellite parking orbit and then the transition of the satellite from the low Earth orbit to the geosynchronous orbit (GEO). The aim of this research is to achieve this transition with the highest possible efficiency (lowest possible energy, time, and fuel consumption with highest accuracy) in the case of two different inclination orbits. This requires choosing a suitable primary parking orbit. All of the methods discussed in previous studies are based on two orbits at the same plane, mostly applying the circular orbit as an initial orbit. This transition required the use of the advanced technique of the Hohmann transfer method for the elliptical orbits, as we did in an earlier research, namely
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Quantum dots (QDs) of cadmium sulfide (CdS) was prepared by chemical
reaction method with different potential of hydrogen (pH) values. The
morphological and optical measurements of cadmium sulfide QDs were considered
by atomic force microscopy (AFM), ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS.) and
photoluminescence (PL) spectrometer respectively. The energy gap (Eg) was
calculated from photoluminescence spectra were found to be about 2.7, 2.6 and 2.5
eV at pH values 8, 10 and 12 respectively for CdS QDs. The decreasing of energy
gaps is rises from the effect the pH solution increases, which in turn leads to the
shifted of the PL spectrum toward red shifted, which creates the energy bands at
surface states are shallow bands.
This article reviews the construction of organic solar cell (OSC) and characterized their optical and electrical properties, where indium tin oxide (ITO) used as a transparent electrode, “Poly (3-hexylthiophene- 2,5-diyl) P3HT / Poly (9,9-dioctylfluorene-alt-benzothiadiazole) F8BT” as an active layer and “Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly (styrene sulfonate)” PEDOT: PSS which is referred to the hole transport layer. Spin coating technique was used to prepared polymers thin film layers under ambient atmosphere to make OSC. The prepared samples were characterized after annealing process at (80 ͦ C) for (30 min) under non-isolated circumference. The results show a value of filling factor (FF) of (2.888), (0.233) and (0.28
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Abstract Ternary Silver Indium selenide Sulfur AgInSe1.8S0.2 in pure form and with a 0.2 ratio of Sulfur were fabricated via thermal evaporation under vacuum 3*10-6 torr on glasses substrates with a thickness of (550) nm. These films were investigated to understand their structural, optical, and Hall Characteristics. X-ray diffraction analysis was employed to examine the impact of varying Sulfur ratios on the structural properties. The results revealed that the AgInSe1.8S0.2 thin films in their pure form and with a 0.2 Sulfur ratio, both at room temperature and after annealing at 500 K, exhibited a polycrystalline nature with a tetragonal structure and a predominant orientation along the (112) plane, indicating an enhanced de
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The perturbation of a satellite high orbit due to the presence of other
gravitational bodies (such as the Sun and the Moon) and SRP from the conservative
perturbing forces were studied, using our modified model. A precise calculation of
the perturbations is possible only if the initial orbit is sufficiently well known.
Orbital elements that have been entered hp=3000Km., inclination= 63ᵒ, 23ᵒ and
eccentricity= 0.1, longitude of ascending node 30ᵒ, argument of perigee 40ᵒ where
the orbital elements will deviate from initial values with time through 3000 days.
Newton-Rapson method was used to calculate the position and velocity with out
perturbation . The perturbed equation of motion solved numerically using
In the hybrid coolingsolar systems , a solar collectoris used to convertsolar energy intoheat sourcein order to super heat therefrigerant leave thecompressor,andthisprocess helpsin the transformation ofrefrigerant state from gaseous statetothe liquid statein upper two-thirdsof thecondenserinstead of the lower two-thirdssuchas in thetraditional air-conditioning systems and this willreduce theenergyneeded torun the process ofcooling.In this research two hybrid air-conditioning system with an evacuated tube solar collector were used, therefrigerant was R22 and the capacity was 2 tons each.The tilt angle of the evacuated tube solar collector was changed and the solar collector fluid was replaced into oil instead of water.A comparison wasi
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In this work, the influence of the annealing temperature on the optical properties of the thin films Cadmium Sulphide (CdS) has been studied. Thin films of Cadmium Sulphide (CdS) were made using the Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) method. The optical properties of annealing temperatures (as deposited, 200, 250, and 300 ) were scrupulous. The UV/VIS spectrophotometer investigated optical parameters such as transmission, the coefficient of absorption and energy gap of the films for the range (400-110 nm) as an assignment of the annealing temperature. The optical properties were calculated as a function of annealed temperature: absorption, transmission, reflection, band gap, coefficient of absorp
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