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jeasiq-1699
Public Bank Debt and Foreign reserve constraint in Iraq for the Period (2017-2004)
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Abstract

Public debt has posed a major challenge to both developing and developed countries, which has focused attention on the optimal limits (threshold of debt) and its determinants.

The study examines the effect of the Public bank debt on the foreign reserves and the work of the foreign reserve as a limitation on the process of bank debt (part of the internal debt) for the period (2017-2004), in addition to finding the type and nature of the relationship between them according to the hypotheses of the study, Public bank debt and foreign reserves.

The study was based on data from the Iraqi banking sector, which showed that Iraq has a foreign reserve in line with international standards, but maintains an excessive reserve. And that the Central Bank of Iraq cannot control the request or offer reserve, but he manages this reserve. It also shows Iraq's dependence on oil revenues in the sustainability of its debt, which means that increasing the oil resource works to sustain the public bank debt.

Non-bank institutions contributed to the internal debt process (the Department for the Care of Minors and the National Pensioners Authority), and the Central Bank of Iraq contributed to the process of bank debt, by discounting remittances in the secondary market only, with the sharp decline in oil prices during the years (2017,2016,2015) (32.6, 51.5 and 48.6) % respectively, which gave an outlet to finance the deficit or military spending, while bonds constituted a low ratio. The contribution of the Central Bank of Iraq in the process of banking debt, led to the depletion of foreign reserves, where the window maintained the sale of foreign currency almost the same amount, while central dollar purchases from the Ministry of Finance decreased, which is offset through the reserves, and thus drain.

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Publication Date
Wed May 10 2017
Journal Name
Journal Of The College Of Languages (jcl)
Technical methods in foreign language teaching as a new method in foreign language learning
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Unter dem Titel " Technische Methoden im Fremdsprachunterricht als eine neueste Methode im Fremdsprachlernen, die Spiele als Muster"

versteht man, dass die Forschung  sich mit einer neuen Methoden im Fremdsprachunterricht beschäftigt. Von den neuen Methoden im Unterricht sind die Spiele. So man sieht  in den letzten Jahren viele Artikel zum Thema Spiele im Fremdsprschunterricht. Davon gehen wir aus, dass die Spiele im Unterricht eine groβe Rolle spielt, denn diese Methode macht Lust, Spaβ im Lernenprozeβ. Die Spiele im Unterricht bezeichnen als ein Mittel, um Unterricht etwas Schönes , Nützliches und Lebendigs zu sein. Die Spiele sind vielfälltig und unterscheidet sich nach den Themen und Materialien. In dieser F

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Publication Date
Fri Apr 12 2019
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
((Requirements for raising the efficiency and development of rail transport in Iraq according to proposed scenarios))
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Abstract:

 The research concerned the study of the railway transport sector in selected countries that sought to raise the efficiency of the railway network and develop it, after realizing the importance of this vital sector, which is a link between it and the rest of the other economic sectors.

The research sought to explain the methods, methods and procedures adopted by these countries for the development of the railway sector, and to benefit from these experiments to improve the efficiency of the railway transport sector in Iraq.

The railway transport sector in Iraq suffers from the erosion of railway lines and mobile units such as locomotives, pas

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Publication Date
Tue Oct 01 2013
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
Institutional Structures and the Transformation of the Private Sector in Iraq
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            Requires economic work finding built institutional paint strategies and policies are formulated general economic and clarity in its stated objectives and the involvement of all economic institutions, political and stakeholders to discuss all the issues of economic, financial, monetary and analyzed for the purpose of renewal energies and determine the duties and responsibilities, leaving full freedom to the private sector in the formation of institutions to carry out his duties economic, and that the institutional structures to create the right climate for the implementation of its economic policies, which would facilitate the task of the private sector, and this h

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Publication Date
Thu Apr 30 2020
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
Banking liquidity and the possibility of invested it in enhancing the solvency For a number of commercial banks in Iraq
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The primary function of commercial banks is the process of converting liquid liabilities such as deposits to illiquid assets, (also known as a loan), liquid assets, (aka cash and cash equivalent) in a balanced manner between liquid and illiquid assets, that guaranteed the preservation of the rights of depositors and the bank and not by converting liquid liabilities into liquid assets in a very large percentage. This comes from its role as depository and intermediary institutions between supply and demand, therefore, we find that the high indicators of bank liquidity and solvency may reflect a misleading picture of the status of commercial banks, to some extent in terms of the strength of their balance sheets and

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Publication Date
Fri Mar 15 2019
Journal Name
Journal Of The College Of Education For Women
Geographical Changes in the Marshes of Iraq
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Iraq has a range of small and large marshes, which can be divided into two groups, a group of marshes feeding water from the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, and a group of marshes fed by the seasonal valleys coming from the desert plateau and the aljazera plateau.

The marshes have go through major changes, some of them turning into industrial lakes to store the flood waters of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Others have been dried up and turned into agricultural land. Others have dried up and the water has been returned to them in less quantities than before.

The purpose of this research is to but light on the changes that have occurred in these marshes, with the mention of marshes turned into industrial lakes or agricultur

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Publication Date
Wed Jun 01 2016
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
Period of Creative Behavior for personin in Achieving Entrepreneurial for The new Organaization
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Experienced organizations in recent years, significant challenges , especially with the spread of economic globalization, making it required to provide new and better through experience , creativity and innovation to achieve the quality and high-quality products of all kinds , in order to achieve the objectives of the study and to answer its questions tested the study in the woolen Industries sector in Baghdad . The study was applied to a sample of 30 people in the senior management and the middle and lower in the company (managers of sections  , and  managers of people , and managers of the units , and office managers ) and for the processing of data and information used several statistical methods and extracted result

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Publication Date
Thu Feb 01 2024
Journal Name
Baghdad Science Journal
Traditional and molecular methods for diagnosing bacterial meningitis in Erbil city, Iraq
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Bacterial meningitis is a leading cause of illness and death worldwide. It is crucial for clinical and public health care, as well as disease control, to identify the meningitis-causing agent promptly. Between June 2021-February 2022, a total of 100 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood samples were collected from suspected cases of meningitis admitted to Raparin Paediatric Teaching Hospital, Erbil city-Iraq. Cytochemical, cultural, and biochemical tests were conducted, and confirmed by molecular techniques. Bacterial culture findings were positive in 7% of CSF samples and just one positive among blood samples. The most common pathogens found by cultural characteristics and VITEK 2 Compact System were Staphylococcus sciuri in two

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Publication Date
Mon Oct 01 2018
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
The Role of Market Iraq Securities in activation Industrial sector Special
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The financial market plays an important role in influencing the economic sectors, including the private industrial sector, through the provision of capital and transfer from savers to investors for the purpose of establishing or expanding projects. Therefore, the financial market is one of the important tools in stimulating the economy in general and the industrial sector in particular, Through the inclusion of industrial companies in the financial market and the introduction of industrial shares to the public, and then provide the necessary funding to stimulate the private industrial sector, Iraq is one of the oil-dependent countries on the oil sector mainly, which lacks industrial production, which is from Are the sectors that

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Publication Date
Sat Dec 31 2022
Journal Name
International Journal Of Intelligent Engineering And Systems
Dynamic Virtual Network Embedding with Latency Constraint in Flex-Grid Optical Networks
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Publication Date
Mon Jun 09 2025
Journal Name
Al–bahith Al–a'alami
THE USE OF EMBEDDED ADVERTISEMENTS IN FOREIGN MOVIES
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Embedded advertisement constitutes a special kind of communication. As it performs many important roles such as giving information, highlighting the value of the product, and urging the target consumer to buy it by influencing his/ her behavior using an attractive manner of mind and conscience. Both cinema and television are the most prominent and powerful advertising media that enjoy the interest of all audiences and capture most of the advertising spending. As advertisers have paid attention to the importance of indirectly incorporating their products into content that the audience loves and is keen to follow, since the actual impact lies in the inclusion of the product within content that the audience appeals to. Hence, this leads to

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