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jeasiq-1259
The global financial crisis and the role of war and its characterization as solutions "The objective roots and the legal possibility of the crisis in economic thought"
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في البداية اود الاشارة الى ان فهم حقيقة الازمة هو ذو جانب فني يتعلق بالجينات الوراثية لنظام يملك في احيناته قدرة عالية على تفريخ المشتقات. هذا النظام الذي يزداد عقما وتدميرا يزداد قدرة على خلق النقود الائتمانية/المشتقات، وكلما اقتربنا اكثر من فهم هذا الجانب كلما اسقطت في ايدينا تلك التوصيفات الاكاديمية الجاهزة في نقص الرقابة والاشراف، تركيز المخاطر،....الخ التي تناولتها الكتابات الشائعة في معظم طروحات اساتذة الاقتصاد والمحاسبة والمهتمين من الماليين والمصرفيين.

ان الخلط الذي يقع فيه الكثير، هو عدم التمييز بين اصدار الاسهم والسندات وبين مرحلة التحول نحو ما يسمى التسنيد التي وفر شرطها الضروري، ليس عجز ميزان المدفوعات الامريكي، فحسب، وهو مايرفضه العديد من النقوديين الذين يعزوه الى حركة الاصول الاوروبية في جزء مهم منها، وانما فك ارتباط الدولار بالذهب، والخروج عن قاعدة الذهب في 15/اب/1971 التي تضمنها خطاب الرئيس نيكسون ذي العشر نقاط، اهمها الغاء قابلية تحويل الدولار الى ذهب، طرد الذهب من المعاملات الدولية، تصفية موجودات الصندوق والبنك الدوليين من الذهب، وفرض ضريبة على الواردات الامريكية بنسبة 10%. المهم في الامر ان هذا الاجراء الصادر من اكبر دولة في العالم، والذي وفر الشرط الضروري لتحرير الدولار، وكذلك حال العملات الاخرى من اي غطاء، وبالتالي توفرت عملية اصدار النقود كأمكانية دون محددات (عدا ماتعارف عليه الفكر التقليدي من مخاوف ومحاذير)، ان تلك الامكانية ظلت كامنة حتى اوجد مناخها الملائم دهاء كيسنجر عندما قام بترتيبات رفع اسعار النفط تحت ضجيج التاميم في عدد من بلدان العالم، ودورها في رفع اسعار النفط من 6 دولارات للبرميل الى 36 دولار، التي كانت تهدف لتدوير الدولارات الجاثمة على صدر اوروبا لصالحUSA ، والتي ارتضت بها اوروبا مندهشة، وهي تستمع الى كيسنجر في اجتماعه مع وزير الخارجية الفرنسي انذاك وهو يقول، في معرض رده على سؤال الوزير الفرنسي ماانتم فاعلون..؟ (ان زمن النفط الرخيص انتهى. وانتهى معه مشروع مارشال)!!
"محمد حسنين هيكل.1985.ص427".

بأختصار يمكن تلخيص الية (ميكانزم) ما حصل بالاتي:-

  1. ان فك ارتباط الدولار بالذهب وفر امكانية الاصدار النقدي دون ان يحدها محددا كالذهب.
  2. ان رفع اسعار النفط ترافق بتوفر امكانية مواجهة ارتفاع اسعاره من قبل الدول الاوروبية
    (من خلال الفقرة 3 ادناه).
  3. تدوير الدولار الاوروبي الذي اتخذ شكل تحويلات دولارية كمدفوعات مقابل النفط المستورد الى اوروبا، من جهة، ووفر امكانات واسعة لحركة الاقراض الدولية،، وبالذات للبلدان غير النفطية التي تضررت من رفع اسعار النفط، من جهة اخرى (فهي التي أوجدت دائنين جدد، ودائنين غير مؤهلين، ودائنين موضع ثقة مهتزة. اصبحوا بين عشية وضحاها اصلاً للثقة، كالبرازيل، بيرو، اليونان، هنكاريا، شركة طيران زائير) "سيدني جيمس.1973. ص 224"
  4. تحول الدولار الاوروبي الى مايسمى بالدولار النفطي. بغض النظر عن الاثار الاقتصادية الحقيقية وارتفاع واردات البلدان النفطية وغرق البلدان غير النفطية بالمديونية....الخ.


بغض النظر عن كل ذلك دعنا  نبقى في اطار الاقتصاد النقدي. فماذا حصل؟

  1. زادت امكانية اصدار العملات وعلى رأسها الدولار الامريكي.
  2. زادت الودائع الاصلية ونمت بفعل ارتفاع اسعار النفط وبفعل تدوير الدولار الاوروبي.
  3. زادت امكانات البنوك على خلق نقود الائتمان، بطريقة لاتقل سرعة عن حجم الاصدارات النقدية، وهنا يثار سؤال مفاده، كيف تقوم البنوك بخلق نقود الائتمان /المشتقات/ التفرعات، وما هي حدودها؟ بل وماهي القاعدة التي تحكمها؟ بالتعرف على تلك الحقائق في جوانبها الفنية نستطيع ان نفهم اسباب هذه الزيادة الهائلة في المشتقات التي بلغت 60 ضعف الناتج الاجمالي العالمي حسب اخر التقديرات، واذا علمنا ان الناتج الاجمالي العالمي لا يزيد على 27 ترليون دولار فهذا يعني ان حجم المشتقات يبلغ 1620 ترليون دولار، بل، ان بعض المؤسسات المالية تتعامل بما يزيد على مائة الى ثلثمائة ضعف رأسمالها الحقيقي.

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Publication Date
Mon Feb 04 2019
Journal Name
Journal Of Accounting And Financial Studies ( Jafs )
The Role of External Oversight in The Organization of Policy Import: A model of Supreme Audit
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The construction of development is required to develop various economic sectors with the necessity to meet the various requirement of both individuals and institutions , or through the import process , which must be commensurate with the needs of the market and the economy and development. But in fact , we find that the process of import in Iraq after 2003 took a turn dangerous excesses on limits of philosophy and objectives of the import , which is reflected at the level of national production as well as the policy of dumping and given and the lack of matching a lot of goods and materials imported for Standards and Measures of quality and stands behind it causes many of them exposure to the market and weak sectors with an overlap betwee

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Publication Date
Sun May 02 2021
Journal Name
Journal Of Accounting And Financial Studies ( Jafs )
The role of the auditor in allocating common costs in the gas industry and its reflection on the company's performance: Applied Research in North Gas Company
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The auditor has a role in allocating joint costs in the gas industry, and the auditor's procedures are considered as systematic critical examination, analysis and evaluation of everything related to costs in general and joint costs in the gas industry in particular, with the aim of controlling the joint costs of gas industry products, and knowing the share of the cost of each product from the total industry costs Gas products reflect the reality of the company's performance by discovering weaknesses, defects and any errors, to ensure increased effectiveness and efficiency of the parties concerned with auditing them and imposing control and control over the company's resources, as well as

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Publication Date
Wed Mar 16 2022
Journal Name
Journal Of Educational And Psychological Researches
The Degree to Which Princess Rahma University College Students Possess E-Learning Skills Related to Moodle from their Point of View, in Light of the Corona Crisis
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This study aims to identify the degree of students of Princess Rahma University College owning e-learning skills related to MOODLE as they perceived in the of light Corona crisis. The researchers' questionnaire consisted of (37) items, distributed in three areas of e-learning skills related to the MOODLE on (147) students were chosen randomly. The results of the study showed that the degree of students 'possession of e-learning skills related to the MOODLE was significant. The results also revealed that there were statistically significant differences in the degree of students' possession of electronic learning skills related to the MOODLE due to sex in favor of females. Finally, there were no statistically significant differences in the

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Publication Date
Thu Oct 28 2021
Journal Name
International Journal Of Research In Social Sciences And Humanities
Analysis of the Sustainable Value Chain and its Role in Reducing Quality Costs
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Contemporary developments in various sciences and the impact of technological changes require an integrated vision of the activities and work of the organization in Iraq in light of the high costs of products and their low quality compared to imported products of high quality and low cost, and the need to use modern cost techniques based on a clear and specific philosophy that contributes to increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of management In the business environment and how it can contribute to reducing product costs and being environmentally friendly at the same time, it is no secret that the main goal of most organizations is to maximize profitability and reduce costs to the minimum, but this matter is not achieved autom

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Publication Date
Thu Feb 01 2018
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
Equity financing within the framework the signal theory and its reflection on prices of stocks avarege: an empirical study in the Iraq stock exchange
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 Since there is no market for bond issuance by companies in the Iraqi market and the difficulty of borrowing, companies must resort to proprietary financing to finance their investments. However, in the framework of the literature of financial management, the type of financing used by the company sends signals to investors and therefore reflected on the market value. Therefore, the problem of the study revolves around the variables of the study (Equity financing within the framework the signal theory, price of common stock in the Iraqi market).     

The study aims to verify the impact of the capital increase through the issuance of new stock on the price of

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Publication Date
Wed May 01 2019
Journal Name
The Iraqi Journal For Information And Documentation Studies
The role and importance of scientific research in creating new knowledge and its impact on developing the cognitive capabilities of information and librarians and their Employees
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The research aims at identifying the importance of scientific research for researchers and in creating new knowledge، development and utilization of mental and cognitive energies and developed them with the ability to research، extrapolation، meditation and then conclusion. The information was collected by interviewing the Secretary-General of the Central Library and by distributing questionnaire forms to the (33) teaching staff of the College of Higher Education. The responses of the society were analyzed the result and the recommendations were the most important 1. Information specialist and all employees of the administrators and technicians in the centers of information sources (libraries) and in the field are considered scientific r

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Publication Date
Mon Sep 03 2018
Journal Name
Al-academy
The metaphoric problem of topography In the scenario of war films Model the film (fury)
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The study of topography most important studies and depth of any literary or artistic text and occupy the thinking of many who work in art at generally. There is hardly any film scenario from description in general of the indispensable elements of the composition and place one. So the place starts form since the scriptwriter begins to view the result of the description begins to feature the emergence of there are simple operations in the scenario soon to receive growth as a final achievement in the film. The description of the place begins to take on an allegorical character as a language version in the script, soon translated into another language, the language of the picture. Which in turn complement the creative ring of cinematic art a

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Publication Date
Thu Apr 30 2020
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
Evaluating the quality of municipal services according to the financial budgets for years 2006-2016 Analytical research in Diwaniyah Governorate
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The research aims at determining the main reason for the deterioration of the services and determining the correct method of distributing the funds to the administrative and administrative units. The discrepancy between the size of the financial allocations and the municipal services was the main research problem. Therefore, the researcher identified the gaps in municipal services by the concerned departments and compared them with The percentage of funds obtained through the work of a checklist for each of the directorates concerned. The researcher studied the specific criteria for these services, which were approved by the Ministry of Construction, Housing, Municipalities, and Public Works, and compared them wi

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Publication Date
Tue Jul 01 2014
Journal Name
Political Sciences Journal
Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) and its role in the evolution of the Kurdish issue in Turkey from 1991 to 2013
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حزب العمال الكردستاني ودوره في تطوير القضية الكردية في تركيا من 1991-2013

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Publication Date
Sun Sep 01 2013
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Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
The Economic Conditions of Living in the City of Mosul: Income and Labor Market during the Period 2004-2007
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Abstract

 

This study cares for the economic living conditions in Mosul City. Its importance lies in the critical period that has been covered
(2002-2007), which was dominated by far–reaching events at political economic and social levels.
Among the main results that have been revealed are the following: the rate of economic growth in the City has been the lowest among major urban centers in Iraq. Besides, real income per capita in the City has stayed stagnant during the period of the study. However, the inequality in distribution of income has decreased. The main bulk of the city's population rely on their income from wages and salari

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