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Analysis of relations and forces of production in extraction And pearl industry in the Arabian Gulf 1900-1950 *
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بسبب محدودية الموارد الطبيعية، فأن سكان الخليج ومنذ القدم وجهوا جلّ نشاطاتهم توجهاً بحرياً: صيد الاسماك وصناعة اللؤلؤ العنصر الرئيس في حجم التشغيل، وتكوين الفائض الاقتصادي في المنطقة آنذاك.

لقد تزايدت أهمية هذا النشاط بخاصة بعد النصف الثاني من القرن التاسع عشر، لرواج تجارة اللؤلؤ عالمياً، وأنفتاح الخليج على الدول الاوروبية التي شهدت نهضة صناعية متسارعة، وحيث وصلت الخليج العديد من بضائعها ذات الاسعار المناسبة والنوعية الافضل.

إن عدد العاملين في صناعتهِ لم يقل عن 20-25% من مجموع العاملين في المنطقة خلال الربع الاول من القرن العشرين ويبين لنا المؤرخ J.G.Lorimer إن عدد العاملين وصل الى حوالي 90 ألف شخص من سكان قدر مجموعه بـ 300 ألف نسمة وذلك في أواسط العقد الأول من القرن العشرين. وبالأضافة الى العمل المحلي هناك وافدون من أيران والهند وباكستان مع وافدين من شرق أفريقيا، أستُقدم العديد منهم كعبيد سخرهم مالكوهم للعمل في صناعة اللؤلؤ وذلك بالرغم من محاربة السلطات البريطانية آنذاك لأعمال القرصنة وتجارة العبيد في منطقة الخليج والمحيط الهندي.

تفصح التراتيب الوظيفية في صناعة اللؤلؤ عن وجود تسع فئات مُقسمة بدقة حسب نوع العمل الذي تقوم به كل فئة. والعنصران الفاعلان في العملية الانتاجية هما:-

التاجر "الممول": يُمول العاملين بسلف تصل فائدتها الى حوالي 25% على أساس الموسم الذي يستمر بين 4-5 أشهر. وغالباً ما يستحوذ على الجزء الاعظم من الارباح بطريقة أو بأخرى..

الغواص ومساعده: يُلاحظ هنا تناقضٌ واضح، فمن ناحية هما الحلقة الاهم والاخطر في العملية الانتاجية وحيث لا يملك الغواص الا قابلياته البدنية أثناء عملية الغوص؛ ومن ناحية أخرى هما من أكثر المتضررين مادياً وأجتماعياً وصحياً بين الاطراف الاجتماعية المشاركة في هذه الصناعة.

لم تعرف هذه المهنة نظاماً للأجور، بل كانت تعمل وفق طريقة "المحاصصة" ونادراً ما كان يحصل الغواصون ومساعدوهم على ما يسدون به سلفهم وديونهم السابقة مع فوائدها المتزايدة.

    النقطة المركزية: ان العاملين عادةً ما يبقون في دين مستديم، وهذا ما يخوّل الممول حسب العرف السائد آنذاك والذي هو بمثابة قانون مُلزم من الابقاء عليهم للعمل في المواسم اللاحقة.

    لقد تراجعت صناعة اللؤلؤ منذ أوائل ثلاثينيات القرن الماضي، أثر اجتياح اللؤلؤ" الرخيص" المستزرع في اليابان ومناطق أخرى من العالم. ومن حسن حظ المنطقة ان صادف ذلك البدايات الاولى للأكتشافات النفطية حيث انتقل العديد من العاملين فيها الى الصناعة النفطية الحديثة.

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Publication Date
Wed Dec 04 2013
Journal Name
Proceedings Of Nuclei Of Seyfert Galaxies And Qsos - Central Engine & Conditions Of Star Formation — Pos(seyfert 2012)
Are Narrow Line Seyfert 1 galaxies a special class of Active Galactic Nuclei?
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No. Due to their apparently extreme optical to X-ray properties, Narrow Line Seyfert 1s (NLSy1s) have been considered a special class of active galactic nuclei (AGN). Here, we summarize observational results from different groups to conclude that none of the characteristics that are typically used to define the NLSy1s as a distinct group – from the, nowadays called, Broad Line Seyfert 1s (BLSy1s) – is unique, nor ubiquitous of these particular sources, but shared by the whole Type 1 AGN. Historically, the NLSy1s have been distinguished from the BLSy1s by the narrow width of the broad Hb emission line. The upper limit on the full width at half maximum of this line is 2000kms−1 for NLSy1s, while in BLSy1s it can be of several thousands

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Publication Date
Thu Dec 01 2022
Journal Name
Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management
Boosted visible-light-driven photocatalytic degradation of lomefloxacin over α-Ag2WO4/NiSx nanocomposites
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Publication Date
Thu Dec 12 2013
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Science
Determination of Optimum Mechanical Drilling Parameters for an Iraqi Field with Regression Model
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Publication Date
Sun Jan 01 2017
Journal Name
Proceeding Of The 1st International Conference On Recent Trends Of Engineering Sciences And Sustainability
Design of a Fractional Order Sliding Mode Controller for Twin Rotor Aerodynamic System
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This paper proposes a new structure for a Fractional Order Sliding Mode Controller (FOSMC) to control a Twin Rotor Aerodynamic System (TRAS). The new structure is composed by defining two 3-dimensional sliding mode surfaces for the TRAS model and introducing fractional order derivative integral in the state variables as well as in the control action. The parameters of the controller are determined so as to minimize the Integral of Time multiplied by Absolute Error (ITAE) performance index. Through comparison, this controller outperforms its integer counterpart in many specifications, such as reducing the delay time, rise time, percentage overshoot, settling time, time to reach the sliding surface, and amplitude of chattering in control inpu

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Publication Date
Thu Feb 13 2020
Journal Name
Thesis
IMPLICATION OF GEOMECHANICAL EVALUATION ON TIGHT RESERVOIR DEVELOPMENT / SADI RESERVOIR HALFAYA OIL FIELD
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IMPLICATION OF GEOMECHANICAL EVALUATION ON TIGHT RESERVOIR DEVELOPMENT / SADI RESERVOIR HALFAYA OIL FIELD

Publication Date
Tue Dec 03 2013
Journal Name
Ibn Al-haitham Journal For Pure And Applied Science
New adaptive satellite image classification technique for al Habbinya region west of Iraq
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Publication Date
Sat Mar 21 2020
Journal Name
Journal Of Engineering
Development of Iraqi license plate recognition system based on Canny edge detection method
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In recent years, there has been expanding development in the vehicular part and the number of vehicles moving on the road in all the sections of the country. Vehicle number plate identification based on image processing is a dynamic area of this work; this technique is used for security purposes such as tracking of stolen cars and access control to restricted areas. The License Plate Recognition System (LPRS) exploits a digital camera to capture vehicle plate numbers is used as input to the proposed recognition system. Basically, the developing system is consist of three phases, vehicle license plate localization, character segmentation, and character recognition, the License Plate (LP) detection is presented using canny Edge detection algo

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Publication Date
Sun Jan 01 2023
Journal Name
Technologies And Materials For Renewable Energy, Environment, And Sustainability: Tmrees23fr
Effect of gold nanoparticles synthesis by plasma jet scheme on normal cell lines
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New evidence on nanotechnology has shown interest in the creation and assessment of nanoparticles for cancer treatment. Worldwide, a wide range of tumor-targeted approaches are being developed to reduce side effects and boost the efficacy of cancer therapy. One strategy that shows promise is the use of metallic nanoparticles to increase the radio sensitization of the cancer cells while reducing or maintaining the normal tissue complication probability during radiation therapy. In this study, atmospheric plasma was created using argon gas to create Au NPs using the plasma jet scheme, and their ability to induce apoptosis as an anticancer mechanism was tested. Aqueous gold tetrachloride salts (HAuCl4·3H2O) ere used to produce gold nanopartic

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Publication Date
Fri Jun 30 2017
Journal Name
Journal Of Engineering
Adsorption of Mefenamic Acid From Water by Bentonite Poly urea formaldehyde Composite Adsorbent
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Poly urea formaldehyde –Bentonite (PUF-Bentonite) composite was tested as new adsorbent
for removal of mefenamic acid (MA) from simulated wastewater in batch adsorption
procedure. Developed a method for preparing poly urea formaldehyde gel in basic media by
using condensation polymerization. Adsorption experiments were carried out as a function of
water pH, temperature, contact time, adsorbent dose and initial MA concentration .Effect of
sharing surface with other analgesic pharmaceuticals at different pH also studied. The
adsorption of MA was found to be strongly dependent to pH. The Freundlich isotherm model
showed a good fit to the equilibrium adsorption data. From Dubinin–Radushkevich model the
mean free

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Publication Date
Wed Feb 08 2023
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Science
Bioactive Effect of Cinnamomum zealynicum bark Extracts on Some Locally Isolated Pathogenic Bacteria
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A series of experiments were conducted to evaluate the antibacterial effect of Cinnamomum zealynicum bark aqueous , methanol, and chloroform extracts against some gram positive and gram negative pathogenic bacteria which isolated from wound, throat infection, urine and stool during the period from December /2013 to February /2014 from Alkarama hospital in Wasit. All these isolates were identified by using VITEK2 compact system. Antibiotic sensitivity test of the bacterial isolates was determined for ten antibiotics. Chemical analysis showed that Cinnamomum zeylanicum bark extracts contained different active compounds (phenoles, alkaloids, tannins, glycosides, coumarins, saponins, resins flavones and essential oil). The laboratory tests o

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