The implementation of decentralization in Iraq was asymmetrical, leading to different forms and paces of implementation. Comparing four cases of Basra, Kirkuk, Nineveh, and Sulaymaniyah indicate that these cases differ in their political stability and autonomy in a way that led to a different forms of decentralization. This paper argues that the higher the level of political autonomy from the federal government, the more efficient the governance model, and the more efficient the governance model, the more legitimate the system (trust), and the more legitimate a system, the more accountable elected officials. Therefore, it recommends reforming the institutional setup of decentralization by having districts, instead of provinces, as the bu

This study examines the transformation of political slogans, clichés, and stereotypes in Russia and Iraq during periods of political regime change in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. The main objective of the work is to identify and comparatively analyze the linguistic and cultural changes that accompanied political transformations in both countries. The research is based on theoretical concepts of political myth, framing, and critical discourse analysis. The research methodology includes content analysis of political texts, comparative analysis of linguistic transformations, and analysis of statistical data on cultural consumption. The main hypothesis is that, despite the presence of common trends in linguistic and cultural

Foreign direct investment (FDI) is one of the most practical types of foreign investment. FDI contributes to job creation, foreign exchange earnings and national income escalation, improving semi-skill and skilled labor. Based on our knowledge, this paper is the first study attempting to investigate the effect of political stability on the FDI in Turkey using an econometric approach. Achieving this objective, a co-integration analysis was conducted between the FDI and its determinants in the short-run and long-run including “macroeconomic indicators” and “Political Stability (PS)” in Turkey. Using annual data from 1974 to 2017 via Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model. The results confirm the positive correlation betwe

تُعَد السلطة السياسية في لبنان, هدفاً أساسياً لكل تنظيم سياسي, سواءأ كان حزب سياسي أم جماعة سياسية معينة. وبذلك ينشأ الصراع على السلطة, وهناك نوعان من الصراع السياسي يجري التمييز بينهما بدلالة فكرة الشرعية, فالتنافس يكون في النظام السياسي عندما ينعقد الاتفاق بين القوى الاجتماعية على اعتباره شرعي اً, ويكون الصراع على النظام السياسي عندما ينقطع الاتفاق بين هذه القوى على شرعيته, وان قوى المعارضة تعمل على الإطاحة

Receipt date:3/13/2021 accepted date:5/26/2021 Publication date:12/31/2021

 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

energy is one of the strategic resources within international politics, and this is through the existing competition between the international powers on it, and the global powers have begun to rely on interest in new areas, such as import, depending on new projects an

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