The present paper addresses one of the most challenging topics in translation; namely legal translation in the framework of two different approaches; the classical (formal) and the more recent (functional). The latter approach is the outcome of the process of simplifying legal language known technically as Plain Language Movement. The advent of this movement dates back to the 1950s, in response to the widely-held complain about the awkwardness of the legal register. Within this framework, the salient features of legal language, at the various linguistic and textual levels, underwent reconsideration in favor of more publicly digested expressions. The paper then subjects two translations of a lease contract to analysis in the light of the formal/functional dichotomy. These two texts are taken from textbooks widely accredited to train students legal translation at the Iraqi universities. The analysis revealed that the translators did not adhere to one specific approach; rather they moved smoothly from one approach to another. This is a promising change in attitude towards the rather flexible approach, and departing from the rather static one. The paper finally suggests some guidelines for investing this new tendency in training translators who have been complaining about the rigorous nature of legal translation.
Time crosses one of the most important principles that are agreed upon in contracts, because the temporal dimension has a significant impact on all contract provisions and is not limited to a certain group of them. French and Arab legal jurists alike called for this dimension to be given special attention. That is the term of the contract term; To try to limit the temporal elements, clarify their provisions and distinguish between them, but in the Arab world it did not receive the same attention that it received in the West.
يهدف هذا البحث إلي معرفة معنى اللغة وتجلياتها في نتاجات الاديب الإسرائيلي الأكثر جدلا في القرن العشرين، إلا وهو الاديب "موشيه سيملانسكي". فقد طغت صورة العربي في الكثير من أعماله الأدبية وتبوات مكانا واضحا، وكانت النظرة تجاهه، نظرة واضحة أيضا، فصورته لم تتغير بتغير الظروف والاتفاقيات، بشكل يتناسب وهذه الظروف، وإنما بقيت تراوح مكانها، ولم تتبدل بنظرة احترام على الأقل، بل على العكس من ذلك، فهناك بعض المطالبات
... Show MoreAraştırmamın adı: Türkçe'de –madan, -meden Ulaç Ekinin Yazılışı ve Kullanılışıdır.
Ulaçlar, kişi ve zaman kavramı olmadan temel cümlenin yada yan cümlenin yüklemini niteleyen, cümlede genellikle zarf tümleci olarak görev yapan fiilimsilerdir. İkinci bir görevleri yardımcı fiillerle birlikte kullanılarak birleşik fiiller kurmak olan ulaçlar, cümlede bağlaç görevinde kullanılabilirler, ve birleşik cümleler kurabilirler. Bazı ulaç ekleri zarf, edat gibi kalıcı sözcük yapımında da kullanılırlar.
Bu araştırmada Orhun Türkçesi'nde başlayıp Türkiye Türkçesine kadar uzanan tarihi dönemlere ait eserlerden –m
... Show MoreAn advertisement is a human activity as old as human societies. As it was practiced by each society in accordance with the circumstances of the times and the means of communication available. The evolution of advertisement in the modern era reflected many factors to become an essential part of the lives of individuals in the world. Interesting in television advertising has increased in particular because it is the first and most influential mass media in the minds of people.
Advertisements play a big role in our lives as individuals. As advertisements surround us where we have been found; and bring us many benefits; as well as their contribution to accelerate the process of economic development a
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A stylistic study in the poetry of Hafiz Ibrahim, praise be to God, Lord of the worlds, and prayers and peace be upon his best messengers, and the seal of his prophets, Muhammad and his good and pure family, and after ...
The poet Hafez Ibrahim is considered one of the well-known poets in the modern era, and his language was distinguished by sobriety, eloquence in expressions, and beautiful meanings And he had my journey in the study of his poetry a stylistic study, and the research came with an introduction in which the concept of stylistics was briefly explained, since it was studied by many researchers, then divided the research into three topics: I studied in the first the construction of the poem, and I stood at the most importan
Researching the effects of the research and technological development contract, determining its extent and demarcating the boundaries of the obligations imposed in it, is the cornerstone of economic growth and development, because defining these obligations removes the ambiguity and conflict between interests, by stating the rights owed to each party and even trying to reconcile them, or impose protection by specifying guarantees that are compatible with the essence of the R&D contract, For the purpose of studying the subject thoroughly, we will divide this research into two sections. The first is devoted to identifying the parties to the research and technological development contract. As for the other topic, we will explain the obligation
... Show MoreE.M. Forster (1879-1970) is one of the important novelists who dealt with the personal and social lives of the people in England during the early beginning of the twentieth century. During his literary career, he developed gradually his views about man and his position in society.
In his first novel, Where Angels Fear to Tread (1902), the focus is laid on local and personal issues in the lives of the characters. It is limited to the relations between neighbours in small communities. Though the setting is shifted to Italy, Forster does not make full use of this shift to present cultural or racial conflicts; rather he limits his plot to the private tr
... Show MoreThe research shows the importance of orientation towards the formulation of the green strategy and its effect in determining the behavior of the green municipal institution in Babel governorate. The research highlighted the formulation of the green strategy as an important variable, especially today, the trend towards protecting the environment and minimizing the damage resulting from the delivery of services, and through it also the type of green behavior or performance adopted by the municipal institution and the emergence of the need for a strategy that is not harmful to the environment. The research took the sample intentionally comprehensive size of 222 personnel of municipal institutions and some formations concerned with t
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Trickle irrigation is one of the most conservative irrigation techniques since it implies supplying water directly on the soil through emitters. Emitters dissipate energy of water at the end of the trickle irrigation system and provide water at emission points. The area wetted by an emitter depends upon the discharge of emitter, soil texture, initial soil water content, and soil permeability. The objectives of this research were to predict water distribution profiles through different soils for different conditions and quantify the distribution profiles in terms of main characteristics of soil and emitter. The wetting patterns were simulated at the end of each hour for a total time of application of 12 hrs, emitter disch
... Show Moreproduction of the spot in the news channels - a study of patterns of spot media used in the production of spring breaks Arab Al-Arabiya
The spacers news in Arabic, one of the messages that seek channel output are fit and policy on the one hand and meet the needs of viewers for information intensive and image influential to find out the latest developments on the Arab arena, especially the Syrian revolution on the other and thus The viewer for the type of coverage the stomach through a newsletter about the event on the one hand to keep following up on her and eager to watch the other hand
And sou
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