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Fuzzy Logic and its Application in Linguistics
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The purpose of this paper is to shed light on the concept of fuzzy logic ,its application in linguistics ,especially in language teaching and the fuzziness of some lexical items in English.
Fuzziness means that the semantic boundaries of some lexical items are indefinite and ideterminate.Fuzzy logic provides a very precise approach for dealing with this indeterminacy and uncertainty which grows (among other reasons) out of human behavior and the effect of society.
The concept of fuzzy logic has emerged in the development of the theory of fuzzy set by Lotfi Zadeh(a professor of computer science at the university of California) in 1965.It can be thought of as the application side of the fuzzy set theory. In linguistics, few scholars have dealt with this phenomenon, among them, Lakoff (1972), Labov (1973), and Aitchison (1994). Consequently, very little literature is available on this concept in linguistics. The researcher has to collect bits of information scattered in various fields of knowledge.
The paper is of three sections: section one surveys briefly some of the semantic terms which are closely related to lexical fuzziness, since it is a problem of meaning by nature, like denotation versus connotation and intension versus extension. Section two is of two main parts. The first explores in detail the emergence of fuzzy logic, shedding light on its development and the criticism to it. The second part is devoted to lexical fuzziness, trying to discover its characteristics, the reasons behind its existence in languages, its relation to other similar concepts like vagueness, its application in teaching a second language and some other related titles.

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Publication Date
Sun Mar 01 2009
Journal Name
Baghdad Science Journal
The chemical composition of some kinds of local soybean Glycine max and its utilization in manufacturing supporting cereal baby foods
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This study was conducted on five kinds of local soybean seeds (Ibaa, Hawija, Taqa.2, Lee74 and Hassan). The chemical analysis results showed that Hawija soybean has the highest percent of protein which was 38-08%, The amino acid percent was also higher than the other kinds(lysine, Thereonine and Tryptopham), and being 389,250,81 mg/gm nitrogen respectively Both amino acids were important for child nutrition. Hawija was selected, being the best for proteins and basic amino acids, and was utilized in preparation of the adjunct baby food formula. Eighteen formulas had been prepared by using soybean flour kind(Hawija), wheat flour kind (Abu gharib) and full fat powder milk (NIDO). Each formula contained 20% protein as recommended by F.A.O, W.

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Publication Date
Wed Oct 11 2023
Journal Name
Journal Of Educational And Psychological Researches
Designing a Proposed Educational Program Based on Augmented Reality Technology and Measuring Its Effectiveness in Developing the Skills of Research and Historical Imagination Among Students of the Humanities Track in The Secondary Stage in the City of Mak
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The current study aims to develop a proposed educational program based on augmented reality (AR) technology, in addition to assessing its effectiveness in developing research and historical imagination skills of the Humanities Track's female students at the secondary stage, as well as assessing the correlative and predictive relationships between the amount of growth for the two dependent variables. To achieve this, a secondary school in the city of Makkah Al-Mukarramah was chosen, and an available random sample of (30) female students from the study population was selected. The quasi-experimental approach was followed by this study, particularly one group design. In addition, two tools were used to collect study data, namely: a test of

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Publication Date
Sat Oct 01 2022
Journal Name
Colloids And Surfaces A: Physicochemical And Engineering Aspects
Application of natural deep eutectic solvents in bulk liquid membrane system for removal of free glycerol from crude fatty acid methyl ester
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Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) produced from biomass offers several advantages such as renewability and sustainability. The typical production process of FAME is accompanied by various impurities such as alcohol, soap, glycerol, and the spent catalyst. Therefore, the most challenging part of the FAME production is the purification process. In this work, a novel application of bulk liquid membrane (BLM) developed from conventional solvent extraction methods was investigated for the removal of glycerol from FAME. The extraction and stripping processes are combined into a single system, allowing for simultaneous solvent recovery whereby low-cost quaternary ammonium salt-glycerol-based deep eutectic solvent (DES) is used as the membrane phase.

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Publication Date
Sun Jan 14 2024
Journal Name
Journal Of Al-rafidain University College For Sciences ( Print Issn: 1681-6870 ,online Issn: 2790-2293 )
Using Nonparametric Procedure to Develop an OCMT Estimator for Big Data Linear Regression Model with Application Chemical Pollution in the Tigris River
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Chemical pollution is a very important issue that people suffer from and it often affects the nature of health of society and the future of the health of future generations. Consequently, it must be considered in order to discover suitable models and find descriptions to predict the performance of it in the forthcoming years. Chemical pollution data in Iraq take a great scope and manifold sources and kinds, which brands it as Big Data that need to be studied using novel statistical methods. The research object on using Proposed Nonparametric Procedure NP Method to develop an (OCMT) test procedure to estimate parameters of linear regression model with large size of data (Big Data) which comprises many indicators associated with chemi

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Publication Date
Wed Feb 01 2023
Journal Name
International Journal Of Hydrogen Energy
Improvement of bioenergy generation using innovative application of food waste materials for coating carbon nanotubes-loaded bioanode in 3D-microbial fuel cells
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Publication Date
Sat Nov 12 2022
Journal Name
Journal Of Accounting And Financial Studies ( Jafs )
Localization of employee salaries and its impact on the deposits banks: (a sample of Iraqi private banks)
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The research problem consisted in answering the question that revolves around what is the impact of localizing employees’ salaries on bank deposits, and did it lead to an increase in their size? The research also aimed to nominate some initial solutions to improve the role of salary localization, in terms of reviewing the concept of electronic payment systems, its tools and channels, and then identifying the concept of salary localization, its importance, objectives and obstacles to its application, and then analyzing the reality of the state of localization of salaries and bank deposits to banks, the research sample for the period (2017- 2021), and the use of the statistical program (SPSS V25) to test the research hypotheses. The stud

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Publication Date
Wed Apr 07 2010
Journal Name
Ibn Al-haitham Journal For Pure And Applied Science
Synthesis and Spectral Studies for new Schiff base and its Binuclear Complexes with ZnII,CdII and HgII
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A new ligand (H4L) and its complexes with ( ZnII, CdII and HgII) were prepared. This ligand was prepared in two steps. In the first step a solution of terephthaldehyde in methanol was reacted under reflux with 1,2-phenylenediamine to give an precursor compound which reacted in the second step with 2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde to give the ligand. The complexes were then synthesized by direct reaction of the corresponding metal chloride with the ligand. The ligand and complexes were characterized by spectroscopic methods FT-IR, UV-Vis, 1 HNMR, and atomic absorption, chloride content, HPLC, mole-ratio determination. in addition to conductivity measurement. The data of these measurements suggest a distorted tetrahedral geometry for ZnII, C

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Publication Date
Mon Feb 06 2023
Journal Name
Journal Of The College Of Basic Education
Identifying the multiple intelligences of Iraqi EFL Instructors at college level
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Teachers should have acceptable ratios of multiple intelligences. Knowing their most dominate intelligence, teachers will be capable of understanding and considering the multiple intelligences of their students. Accordingly, they will be able to use Gardner’s theory as an effective approach of teaching for all kinds of learners and not limited to a specific type of students especially those who have high ratios of verbal-linguistic and logic-mathematical intelligences

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Publication Date
Mon Feb 04 2019
Journal Name
Journal Of The College Of Education For Women
The Effect of Speaking Strategies on Iraqi EFL College Students
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The present study deals with the effect of teaching speaking Strategies (SS) on
EFL Iraqi College students. The use of speaking strategies not only solves learners’
communication problems, but also enhances the learner’s interaction in target language,
and improves their oral proficiency .The aim of the study is to find out the effect of
teaching SS used by EFL College students .The learner of the first stage is population of
the study at the Department of English, College of Education /Ibn-Rushd .The sample
consists of (60) students distributed on experimental group(A) as well as control
group(B) each group contains (30) students . In order to achieve the aim of the study,
questionnaire has been constructed t

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Publication Date
Sat Jan 02 2021
Journal Name
Journal Of The College Of Languages (jcl)
Pragmatic Analysis of the Translation of English Culture-Specific Proverbs into Arabic
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Translating culture-specific proverbs (CSPs) is a challenging task since they often occur in a peculiar context. Further, CSPs are intended to imply meanings that extend far beyond the literal meaning of such a kind of proverbs. As far as English and Arabic are concerned, translators often encounter problems in translating CSPs due to cultural differences between the source language(SL) and the target language (TL) as well as what seems to be the lack of equivalence for some CSPs.

In view of this, the present study aims at investigating the translation of CSPs in three English-Arabic dictionaries of proverbs, namely Dictionary of Common English Proverbs Translated and Explained (2004), One thousand and One English Pr

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