Background: Mouth breathing can lead to introduce cold, dry unprepared air that insults the tissue of oral cavity, nasopharynx and lung, leading in turn to pathological changes in oronasal cavity, nasopharyngeal and other respiratory tissue, mouth breathing associated with nasal obstruction may lead to many health problems, in particular oral health problems such as inflammation of gingiva, oral dryness, change in oral environment that may decrease pH, salivary flow rate and increase bacteria and dental caries.Aims of the present study were to assess the oral health condition among mouth breather associated with nasal obstruction, including dental caries, oral cleanliness and gingival health condition as well as to evaluate the changes in salivary physical characteristics and salivary mutans streptococci counts, and their relation to oral variables in comparison to a control group. Materials and Methods: Thirty patients with mouth breathing associated with nasal obstruction (15 females and 15 males) were selected as a study group with an age range (18-22) years old, all subjects were examined by ENT specialist to confirm mouth breathing. A 30 gender and age matched healthy looking subjects without nasal obstruction were selected as control. The diagnosis and recording of dental caries was according to severity of dental caries lesion through the application of D1_4MFS(Manji et al., 1989). Plaque index of (Silness and Loe, 1964) was used for plaque assessment; gingival index of (Loe and Silness, 1963) was used for gingival health condition assessment. Stimulated salivary samples were collected according to (Tenovuo and Lagerlof, 1996) and the following variables were recorded: microbiological analysis included the salivary counts of mutans streptococci, salivary flow rate, salivary pH (potential of hydrogen) and then measurement of salivary viscosity by using Ostwald's viscometer. Results: Results of the present study showed that the mouth breathing group had statistically highly significant, higher plaque and gingival indices than nose breathing group (P<0.01) with a positive highly significant correlation between them in mouth breathing and nose breathing groups (r=0.56, r= 0.64, respectively).The salivary flow rate was lower among mouth breathing with highly significant difference than nose breathing (P<0.01), also salivary pH was lower among mouth breathing but with significant differencecompare to nose breathing (P<0.05); statistically a negative highly significant correlation was recorded among mouth breathing group between salivary flow rate with gingival index (r= -0.56). It has been found that salivary viscosity was not statistically significant difference between mouth breathing group and nose breathing group. The salivary viscosity was found to be inversely significantly correlated with salivary flow rate among mouth breathing group (r= -0.38). While it was positively not significantly correlated with plaque index, gingival index and counts of mutans streptococci among mouth breathing group. Data analysis of the present study showed that salivary mutans streptococci counts among mouth breathing group were higher than that among nose breathing group, difference was statistically highly significant (P<0.01). Conclusion: Mouth breathing associated with nasal obstruction may have an effect on oral health status, leading to an increase in periodontal disease and changes in dental caries.
We can understand interior design as a series of interconnected human principles and goals formed by science and knowledge to build a human product that reveals or gives meaning to things، and this can be presented through ecology as a system concerned with environmental aspects and as part of interior design، seeking to achieve aesthetic and functional values، in an interactive form between spaces The interior and its occupants are within an environmental balance full of life، and the ecological interior design attaches great importance to the embodiment of spiritual aspects in the internal environment، in addition to emphasizing the importance of protecting the environment and preserving resources through saving in its use and usi
... Show MoreThe current research aims to verify the relationship and impact of internal control activities as an independent variable in its dimensions (efficiency, training, independence) in making administrative decisions as a responsive variable and its dimensions (identifying and diagnosing the problem, searching for alternatives, evaluating alternatives, choosing the appropriate alternative, implementing the decision, following up Decision and evaluation) in the Kirkuk Water Directorate, as well as to identify the levels of their practices, and then try to come up with a number of recommendations contribute to the strengthening of internal control activities and the process of making administrative decisions of the researched Directorat
... Show MoreSimple, sensitive and accurate two methods were described for the determination of terazosin. The spectrophotometric method (A) is based on measuring the spectral absorption of the ion-pair complex formed between terazosin with eosin Y in the acetate buffer medium pH 3 at 545 nm. Method (B) is based on the quantitative quenching effect of terazosin on the native fluorescence of Eosin Y at the pH 3. The quenching of the fluorescence of Eosin Y was measured at 556 nm after excitation at 345 nm. The two methods obeyed Beer’s law over the concentration ranges of 0.1-8 and 0.05-7 µg/mL for method A and B respectively. Both methods succeeded in the determination of terazosin in its tablets
The present study was conducted on the Iraqi Pin-tailed Sandgrouse (Pterocles alchata) to study the lung's morphological description and histological structure. This study was used 5 samples of adult male sandgrouse bird. The birds were dissected. The lungs were removed from the coelomic cavity, cleaned to remove impurities, and photographed to describe their morphological features. The samples were fixed using formalin (10%) solution for 36-48 hours and then preserved in alcohol (70%) to prepare the microscopic slides. The results showed that the lung of the Iraqi sandgrouse bird is red in color, has a trapezoidal shape and has three surfaces (costal, visceral, and vertebral). The costal surface shows ribs impressions that extend f
... Show MoreStatic and dynamic circumstances confirm that seepage is water movement through the earth dam’s embankment’s voids from upstream to downstream. Seepage is a quantity of fluid that has seeped through the permeable material or as the infiltration downward and lateral movement of water into soil or substrata from a source of supply such as a reservoir of a dam. In case of an earthquake strikes saturated soils, the water-filled pore spaces collapse, reducing the soil’s overall volume. The water pressure between individual soil grains is increased as a result of this action, and the grains can then move freely in the watery matrix. This reduces the soil’s resistance to shear str
Takbiratul Ehram "The First Takbeer to Start Prayer" means: the words that the worshiper says to start his prayers, and refrain from anything invalidates it. the findings revealed that the four school jurists agreed that the prayer is not valid without Takbiratul Ehram "The First Takbeer to Start Prayer", and they disagreed on its description, so the majority of jurists said that it is a pillar, and some of them called it an obligatory, but Hanafi made it a condition. Likewise, the four jurists agreed that the one who articulates Takbiratul Ehram "The First Takbeer to Start Prayer" with the word: “Allahu Akbar,”; his Takbeer is correct, and they disagreed about the one who adds a word, or replaced it with another, where the m
... Show MoreIn this work, the spirurid nematode Hartertia gallinarum was reported in the intestine of the spotted sandgrouse, Pterocles senegallus, collected in three different locations: Ga'ara Depression, Iraqi Western Desert, Zurbatiyah and Al-Attariyah, Middle of Iraq. Description and measurements of the nematode were given. The role of termites in the infection of P. senegallus with H. gallinarum was discussed. Occurrence of H. gallinarum in P. senegallus represents a new host record.
The current research discusses the jurisprudence of the argumentative meaning in the Qur’an, and it is one of the general methods of responses in the Qur’an, as well as the argumentative approach to the recitations of the readers and directing their meanings. I have chosen a model for three verses from Surat Al-An’am, in which there are seven frequent recitations and seven odd ones, on a topic related to theology and faith; It forms the centerpiece of the argument verses in Surat Al-An'am; It contains the jurisprudence of dealing with infidels and dissenters, turning away and forbidding insulting what they claim besides God in the event of corruption, and God Almighty’s decree and wisdom in the occurrence of unbeli
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