Background: Pit and fissure sealant have been considered an outstanding adjunct to oral health care in the decrease of occlusal caries onset and low progression. The aims of this in vitro study were to evaluate the marginal microleakage of three different types of fissure sealants (SDI, Tg and tetric N-flow) by time interval, one day and 45 days, in the presence or absence of bonding agent among maxillary and mandibular teeth. Materials and methods: Seventy two sound human maxillary and mandibular first premolar teeth were collected which were free from obvious carious lesions. The teeth were randomly divided into two main equal groups, group (1) and group (2), each group consists of (36) teeth involving equal numbers of maxillary and mandibular teeth. The first group incubated for one day, the second incubated for (45) days. Each group divided into two subgroup; one of them treated with bonding agent while the other without. Then each subgroup was treated with three different materials which were; Tg sealant (without fluoride) group (A), SDI sealant (containing fluoride) group (B) and Tetric N-flow (flowable composite) group (C). Each one consist of six teeth involving three maxillary and three mandibular. Then dye penetration tested by using methylene blue dye, then the teeth cleaned and sectioned by sectioning device and tested under microscope. Results, the results had shown that, group (C+) in both incubation periods have no microleakage (score 0), but there was an opposite effect when using bonding agent with sealant materials not containing filler particles that showed a significant increase in the microleakage rate as shown in groups (A+ and B+). The opposite effect was seen also when used sealant materials containing filler particles but without bonding agent that seen in group (C) during both incubation periods that showed significant increasing in microleakage rate. While the effect of fluoride was very clear in decreasing significantly the microleakage rate after (45) days of incubation in both groups that treated with and without bonding agent (groups B and B+). Concerning the anatomical variation, there were no significant changes in most groups regarding the microleakage rate. Conclusions: Results had shown that the microleakage can be prevented by using of flowable composite containing nanofillers that treated with bonding agent after etching of enamel with 35% phosphoric acid gel.
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This study is an investigation of the drugs effect on some pathogenic Acanthamoeba isolated from Iraqi waters, where the problem of environmental adaptation that characterizes this organism in addition to being a reservoir for many pathogenic microorganisms that take shelter in it to escape disinfectants and medicines is sometimes difficult to treat it with traditional treatments. Twenty water samples were collected from different water regions in Iraq, namely the Dokan Lake, Tigris River, Euphrates River and Najaf Sea, 5 samples from each source. Acanthamoeba was isolated from water samples on NNA and PYG media, using an inverted microscope with an electron microscope to determine their phenotypic features. PCR and
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In accounting studies, more than one method is used to measure income and balance sheets elements. One of these methods is called the fair value, which use to determine the assets and liabilities ad it includes the benefits or self-satisfaction ability. This paper aims to focus on the importance of fair value as a basis of accounting measurement and its effects to achieve the relevant characteristics by using the equation is used by (Kythreotis) in his research, And Also , Editing this equation depending on the financial data and information of Iraqi Banks as a case.
Attacking a transferred data over a network is frequently happened millions time a day. To address this problem, a secure scheme is proposed which is securing a transferred data over a network. The proposed scheme uses two techniques to guarantee a secure transferring for a message. The message is encrypted as a first step, and then it is hided in a video cover. The proposed encrypting technique is RC4 stream cipher algorithm in order to increase the message's confidentiality, as well as improving the least significant bit embedding algorithm (LSB) by adding an additional layer of security. The improvement of the LSB method comes by replacing the adopted sequential selection by a random selection manner of the frames and the pixels wit
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Drip irrigation is one of the conservative irrigation techniques since it implies supplying water directly on the soil through the emitter; it can supply water and fertilizer directly into the root zone. An equation to estimate the wetted area in unsaturated soil is taking into calculating the water absorption by roots is simulated numerically using HYDRUS (2D/3D) software. In this paper, HYDRUS comprises analytical types of the estimate of different soil hydraulic properties. Used one soil type, sandy loam, with three types of crops; (corn, tomato, and sweet sorghum), different drip discharge, different initial soil moisture content was assumed, and different time durations. The relative error for the different hydrauli
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This research concerns study the crack growth in the wall of pipes made of low carbon steel under the impact load and using the effect of hygrothermal (rate of moisture 50% and 50℃ temperature). The environmental conditions were controlled using high accuracy digital control with sensors. The pipe have a crack already. The test was performed and on two type of specimens, one have length of 100cm and other have length 50cm. The results were, when the humidity was applied to the pipe, the crack would enhance to growth (i.e. the number of cycles needed to growth the crack will reduce). In addition, when the temperature was increase the number of cycles needed to growth the crack are reduced because the effect of heat on the mechanical pro
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This search concerns study the crack growth in the wall of pipes made of low carbon steel under the impact load and using the effect of moisture (rate of moisture 50%). The environmental conditions were controlled using high accuracy digital control with sensors. The pipe has a crack already. The test was performed and on two type of specimens, one has a length of 100cm and other have length 50cm. The results were, when the humidity was applied to the pipe, the crack would enhance to grow (i.e. the number of cycles needed to grow the crack will reduce). In addition, when the test performed on the specimens of length 50cm the number of cycles needed to grow the crack is increased due to the effect of bending stress on the
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Objective: The antimicrobial efficacy of three disinfection solutions: 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) and Listerine mouthwash were investigated as routine chair-side gutta-percha (GP) disinfection reagents. Design: four groups of gutta percha points were contaminated with E. faecalis bacteria then disinfected by immersion in different solutions (5.25% sodium hypochlorite, 2% chlorhexidine gluconate, Listerine mouth wash and distilled water as control) after 1 and 7 days culturing periods. The antibacterial efficacy of these disinfection solutions was evaluated by using colonies per units (CPU) Methods: Forty GP cones (F3 Dentsply) were sterilized with ethylene oxide gas before immersed contamination within broth m
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