Background: Human teeth considered to be an important etiological host factor in relation to dental caries through its morphology and composition. Elements may incorporate in tooth structure during pre and post-eruptive period changing the resistance for caries. The aims of this study were to determine the concentration of selected major (Calcium and phosphorus) and trace elements (Ferrous iron, nickel, chromium and aluminum) in permanent teeth and enamel among a group of adolescent girls in relation to severity of dental caries Material and Methods: The study group consisted of 25 girls with an age of 13-15 years old referred by Orthodontists for extractions of upper first premolars (two sides). Tooth and enamel samples were prepared for chemical analysis according to method described by Lappalainen and Knuttila (1979). Dental caries was diagnosed by both clinical and radiographical examinations following the criteria of D1-4MFS index described by Muhlemann (1976). All data were analyzed using SPSS version 19. Results: The concentration of major elements in teeth and enamel (measured in % of dry weight) showed that Ca ions were higher than P ions. On the other hand the concentration of trace elements in teeth and enamel samples (measured in ppm) showed that Al ions was the highest followed by Ferrous Fe then Ni ions, while Cr ions were the least in concentration. All elements showed statistically highly significant difference in concentration between teeth and enamel samples. Ca/P ratio was higher in enamel than tooth, but the difference was statistically not significant. Major elements (calcium and phosphorus) in tooth and enamel samples recorded negative correlations with DMFS. Trace elements except chromium ions recorded positive correlations with DMFS. They were not significant except for nickel ions in tooth and aluminum ions in enamel. Conclusions: The presence of these elements in both teeth and enamel samples indicated that these elements present in our environment; as foods, water, and air so they incorporate through out the tooth layers during the pre-eruptive period of tooth development, and incorporate the outer enamel surface during the demineralization and remineralization processes that occurs in the post-eruptive periods. Ca and p ions play an important role in mineralization of tooth and enamel. Cr ions may play a role in improving mineralization and crystallity of teeth, while Fe, Ni and Al may act as cariogenic elements.
The study aimed at knowing the financial consumer about the available protection from financial and banking services, presenting, and examining the evidence of some indicators indicating the reality of financial inclusion in the Iraqi banking system. Therefore, the study sought to know the extent of the level of protection available to the financial consumer as a result of its use of financial and banking services by the Iraqi banking system, and what It is the reality of financial inclusion in the banking system by measuring some financial and banking indicators. The study relies on the two (analytical) and (descriptive) approaches based on the questionnaire form and the data issued by the Central Bank of Iraq (2017-2020). Watch
... Show MoreThis research aims to measure the impact of applying bank governance mechanisms in reducing the financial risks of banks listed on the Palestine Stock Exchange, and to answer research questions and test hypotheses for the study, researchers adopted the descriptive and analytical approach, and data were collected from the annual financial reports of the banks listed on the Palestine Exchange during the period between (2009-2018), as a time series for the purpose of finding, analyzing and measuring the effect between the study variables during this period by (60) views for each of the study variables, using the statistical analysis program views(9) to enter, process and analyze the data. The results of the study proved that there i
... Show MoreIn the name of of Allah the Merciful
Praise be to God, and blessings and peace be upon the Messenger of God, Muhammad, and upon his family and his family and peace, and after:
The honor of every knowledge of honor is related to it, and since the science of interpretation is related to the Book of God Almighty; it is considered one of the most noble and longest of sciences, and this science began long ago as the early ages of Islam have expanded the Islamic state, and people entered the religion of God in cohorts, and the mixture mixed In tongues, and people did not know much about the meanings of the Qur’an, so the need for authorship in this great knowledge was severe, and pe
After the democratic transformation in 2003 in Iraq, young people waited a lot to take their real opportunity to participate in politics, but most of the laws regulating political and electoral work have been unfair to young people, despite developments in laws and legislation, but opportunities did not allow young people to participate in politics, which was reflected It negatively affected their participation in voting and nomination, and even their assumption of public office and positions, which is why they complained about the ruling class and the political system through protests, or when they refused to vote, and this is reflected in the recent parliamentary elections and low participation rates
This Paper assesses the knowledge management system (KMS) requirements at Al-Ameed University concerning ISO 30401:2022. Specifically, the research aims to ascertain the degree to which international standards have been complied with and gaps that have been identified. A case study was conducted using field observations, interviews, and checklists to assess the institution's compliance with the KMS framework. The level of implementation and documentation of knowledge management processes was assessed using a seven-point scale. The findings reveal that Al-Ameed University has severe gaps in knowledge creation, sharing, and support for knowledge management in terms of strategic leadership. While certain elements like availability of r
... Show MoreThe purpose of this article is to improve and minimize noise from the signal by studying wavelet transforms and showing how to use the most effective ones for processing and analysis. As both the Discrete Wavelet Transformation method was used, we will outline some transformation techniques along with the methodology for applying them to remove noise from the signal. Proceeds based on the threshold value and the threshold functions Lifting Transformation, Wavelet Transformation, and Packet Discrete Wavelet Transformation. Using AMSE, A comparison was made between them , and the best was selected. When the aforementioned techniques were applied to actual data that was represented by each of the prices, it became evident that the lift
... Show MoreThe field of structural optimization (optimal design) has grown rapidly over the past decades with many different optimization methods that could be used to produce a structure of minimum weight. This research deals with two aspects, in the first, a general numerical technique based on the finite element analysis and it suggests to investigate the preliminary behavior of metal stiffened plate under action of static load environment. The technique was included a finite element model of the structures using high- order isoparimetric plate elements to be used to create a certain models to obtain their optimum design. The models are characterized such that, each model is builded using different types of stiffener configuration. The second as
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