Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a preventable disease with some significant extra pulmonary effects that may contribute to the severity in individual patients.. The systemic manifestations  of  COPD  include  a number of endocrine disorders , such  as  those  involving the pituitary, the thyroid , the gonads, the adrenals  and  the pancreas.  The  mechanisms  by which COPD  alters  endocrine function are incompletely understood  but likely involve  hypoxemia , hypercapnia , systemic inflammation and  glucocorticoid  administration.

Objective:  To evaluate the relationship bet

Background: To shed some light on the clinical features of patients with Reiter's syndrome.
Methods: Reiter's syndrome in 50 patients (38 males and 12 females) was reported in a prospective study. All patients were subjected to detailed history, full clinical assessment and a slit
lamp eye examination by an Ophthalmologist. A Dermatologist opinion was sought when needed and thorough laboratory and radiological investigations were made for all patients.
Results: Reiter's syndrome was post-dysnteric in 44 (88%) of patients and post-venereal in 6 (12%) patients. Its clinical features are similar to other series. Arthritis was noted in all
patients, diarrhea in 44 (88%), eye lesions in 40 (80%) and mucocutaneous le

Background: Toxic-shock syndrome (TSS) is an acute onset; multiorgan disease caused mainly by Toxic-shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) producing Staphylococcus aureus strains.Testing for TSST-1 or anti-TSST-1 antibodies in the clinical setting may help to predict and prevent the appearance of TSS caused by nosocomial S. aureus infection.
Objectives: Detection of TSST-1 in the sera of children patients arranged to undergo surgical operations, and its relevance with certain demographic factors.
Patients and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Baquba General Teaching Hospital- Diyala province for the period from August 2015 to April 2016. Eighty eight patients from those undergoing surgical operations were enrolled.

Background: Ulcerative colitis has been reported to be associated with autonomic dysfunction, mainly of vagal involvement.

Objectives: To Determine whether there is a parasympathetic dysfunction in ulcerative colitis patients in remission state or not.
Results: For all of the three tests, patients group gave significantly lower results (P˂ 0.05) which was the least level of significance.  Materials and methods: Three standardized tests of parasympathetic function, based on heart rate variation in response to certain stimuli (heart rate response to Valsalva maneuver, to deep breathing and to standing from supine  position) were used on 54 ulcerative

Objectives: To Assess the Effect of Physical Status of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome on Women in Reproductive Age,
To Find out the Relationship Between Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome and Women's Physical Health (Acne , Hirsutism ,
Weight Gain , Irregular Menstrual Period),&To Identify the Association of Physical Status to polycystic ovarian
syndrome and Some Socio Demographic Characteristic (Age ,Occupation & Obesity ), and Reproductive
Characteristic(Gravida ,Para ,Abortion &Menstrual Regularity).
Methodology :a descriptive analytical study was conduct on Non-probability (purposive sample) of (100)women who
suffering from polycystic ovarian syndrome in reproductive age in infertility counseling from three hospit

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease, where the normal joint tissues attacked by body’s immune system, causing their inflammation. Cluster of Differentiation 69 (CD69) is a human transmembrane C-Type lectin protein encoded by the CD69 gene. It’s expression was induced by activation (in vivo and in vitro) of T lymphocytes and Natural Killer (NK) Cells. As CD69 early activation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of some inflammatory diseases, its expression on peripheral blood T-lymphocytes must be evaluated.
Objective: To evaluate the expression of CD69 on peripheral blood T-lymphocytes in RA Iraqi patients. 
Patients and methods: This study carried out between March 2

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common arrhythmia in daily practice and one of the heart disorders with the highest morbidity and death rates, as it is responsible for a huge number of negative consequences. In our country, there is limited information on the prevalence or natural history of the less well-defined clinical types.

Objective: to evaluate the clinical profile and coronary artery findings in atrial fibrillation patients.

Patients and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted during the period from the first of October 2019 to end of July 2021 at the Iraqi Center for the heart disease at Baghdad Medical City. Included 32 Iraqi patients with atri

Background: Retinoblastoma is the most common intraocular tumor affecting young children.

Patients and Methods: A review of 32 children with retinoblastoma, diagnosed and treated at the Oncology Unit, Children Welfare Teaching Hospital, Medical City, Baghdad from 1999 to 2006.

Objectives: To review the clinical presentation and treatment outcome of retinoblastoma in children treated at the Children Welfare Teaching Hospital, Baghdad.

Results: Among 32 patients, 56.25% were males and 43.75% were females with a median age of 34.5 months. Unilateral disease was observed in 19 patients. Leukocoria was the most common presenting feature. Advanced s

The present study aims at assessing the effects of chronic kidney disease (CKD) on thyroid hormone and leptin by evaluating the level of: leptin hormone along with thyroid hormone in CKD patients. The study has been conducted on  70 subjects, 50 patients with an age range between 20-50 years (25  males and 25 females) who were diagnosed to have CKD stage-5, and 20 normal controls whose ages ranged between 20-48 years (10  males and 10 females), who attended  the Nephrology and Transplant Center in Medical City of Baghdad- Iraq from April  2018  to July  2018. The study showed a highly significant (P<0.01) increase in TSH level in CKD patients in comparison with controls. While T3 and T4 levels observed highly significant decrea

Background: Dystrophinopathies are the commonest forms of muscular dystrophy and comprise clinically recognized forms, Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD), and Becker Muscular Dystrophy (BMD). Mutations in the dystrophin gene which consist of large gene deletions (65%), duplications (5%) and point mutations (30%) are responsible for reducing the amount of functional dystrophin protein in skeletal muscle fibers.  This study concentrate mainly at the spectrum of deletions in the 'distal hot spot' region of the DMD/BMD gene in Iraqi DMD/BMD patients using multiplex PCR technique

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the rate, and distribution of deletions in 10 exons of Dystrophin