Background: Urine cytology has an acceptable sensitivity, & specificity that justifies its use in the current diagnostic protocol. In Iraq transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) constitute about 62.1 % of bladder cancer (which ranks the third according to the results of Iraqi Cancer Registry 1995-1997). Urine cytology used in the primary diagnosis, follow up, and in the screening programs of asymptomatic but high-risk patients.
Patients and methods: This study was conducted on 93 patients, diagnosed or clinically suspected to have TCC of the urinary bladder attending to the Urological department in ALKadhimiya Teaching Hospital, AL-Yarmouk Teaching Hospital, and Baghdad Medical City. During the period from July 2004to July 2005. 76 were males & 17 were females.
Urine cytological examination was done to those patients using two types of stain (hematoxylin and eosin, and papanicoloau stain) to detect malignant cells with the identification of the degree of differentiation, if possible, the cytological findings were correlated with the histopathological findings. And the cytological findings compared regarding each type of stain.
Results:. Mean age of the patients was 59 year. Male:female ratio was 4.4:1. Main clinical presentation was hematuria (45.8%) of the total. Urine cytological examination has a sensitivity of 87.7%, specificity of 100% with an overall accuracy of 78% in the detection of TCC of urinary bladder. The main chief complaint of patients with TCC was haematuriawitch constitute 45.8% of the total. The percentage of highgrade cases in urine cytology was higher than that in histopathology.the percentage of cases of TCC diagnosed by papanicoloau stain was more than that diagnosed by H & E (73.24% by pap stain versus 70.42% by H&E).
Conclusion: Urine cytology has an acceptable sensitivity, specificity and an overall accuracy in the diagnosis of TCC of urinary bladder, and it offers a good chance for determination of the grade of the tumor especially in high grade tumor. Pap stain was better in the diagnosis of TCC.
NS-2 is a tool to simulate networks and events that occur per packet sequentially based on time and are widely used in the research field. NS-2 comes with NAM (Network Animator) that produces a visual representation it also supports several simulation protocols. The network can be tested end-to-end. This test includes data transmission, delay, jitter, packet-loss ratio and throughput. The Performance Analysis simulates a virtual network and tests for transport layer protocols at the same time with variable data and analyzes simulation results based on the network simulator NS-2.
Objective: The aims of research to identify sample of websites of Arabian medical periodicals and exam applying to
standards for publishing on the internet.
Methodology: A survey method is applied about nine medical periodicals websites and data are collected through
forms include five international standards to assessing websites.
Results: of data collected, the following findings are obtained:
1. Through examining website addresses, unsuitability was found in using Universal Resources Locater, because six of
periodicals use com. in URL. While, all of them not relevance commercial but scientific aim.
2. To measure Credibility Standard by adopting numbers values, the results found, four of periodicals obtained (level
An image retrieval system is a computer system for browsing, looking and recovering pictures from a huge database of advanced pictures. The objective of Content-Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) methods is essentially to extract, from large (image) databases, a specified number of images similar in visual and semantic content to a so-called query image. The researchers were developing a new mechanism to retrieval systems which is mainly based on two procedures. The first procedure relies on extract the statistical feature of both original, traditional image by using the histogram and statistical characteristics (mean, standard deviation). The second procedure relies on the T-
... Show MoreIn this paper, some commonly used hierarchical cluster techniques have been compared. A comparison was made between the agglomerative hierarchical clustering technique and the k-means technique, which includes the k-mean technique, the variant K-means technique, and the bisecting K-means, although the hierarchical cluster technique is considered to be one of the best clustering methods. It has a limited usage due to the time complexity. The results, which are calculated based on the analysis of the characteristics of the cluster algorithms and the nature of the data, showed that the bisecting K-means technique is the best compared to the rest of the other methods used.
الملخص ان حق الملكية هو الحق الاوسع نطاقا يمنح صاحبه صلاحية ممارسة السلطات كافة ويكون محل هذه السلطات كل ما يملك الشخص سواء كان شقه او طبقة اسوة بالعقارات الاخرى كدار للسكن او ارض ، ومن اهم هذه السلطات واوسعها نطاقا ( هو سلطة التصرف ). تعد هذه السلطة جوهر حق الملكية وأخطر السلطات الممنوحة للمالك كونه بواسطتها يمكنه الاستغناء عن ملكه بأي تصرف ناقل له كالبيع أو الهبة او الوصية مثلا ، ولأهمية هذه السلط
... Show MoreIn this paper, we introduce an approximate method for solving fractional order delay variational problems using fractional Euler polynomials operational matrices. For this purpose, the operational matrices of fractional integrals and derivatives are designed for Euler polynomials. Furthermore, the delay term in the considered functional is also decomposed in terms of the operational matrix of the fractional Euler polynomials. It is applied and substituted together with the other matrices of the fractional integral and derivative into the suggested functional. The main equations are then reduced to a system of algebraic equations. Therefore, the desired solution to the original variational problem is obtained by solving the resul
... Show MoreThe study aimed to reveal the level of knowledge and tendencies of high- study students specializing in curriculum and teaching methods at King Khalid University towards harmonious strategies with brain-based learning (BBL). And Then, putting a proposed concept to develop knowledge and tendencies of high-study students specializing in curriculum and teaching methods at King Khalid University towards harmonious strategies with Brain-based learning (BBL). For achieving this goal, a cognitive test and a scale of tendency were prepared to apply harmonious strategies with brain-based learning. The descriptive approach was used because it suits the goals of the study. The study sample consisted of (70) male and female students of postgraduate
... Show MoreField of translation is sampled with many types of translation, such as the literary, scientific, medical, etc. The translation of grammatical aspects has always been with difficulties.
Political translation is the focus here. There are many general problems faced by translators when translating political texts from Arabic into Spanish. The aim here is to clarify the definition of functions or terms within the text, and to arrive at the correct from of translation of such texts from Spanish into Arabic. It is worth mentioning that the paper is of two parts: the first exemplifies what is meant by translation, the prerequisites of a translator, along with mentioning the methods followed&nbs
... Show MoreIn this article, the inverse source problem is determined by the partition hyperbolic equation under the left end flux tension of the string, where the extra measurement is considered. The approximate solution is obtained in the form of splitting and applying the finite difference method (FDM). Moreover, this problem is ill-posed, dealing with instability of force after adding noise to the additional condition. To stabilize the solution, the regularization matrix is considered. Consequently, it is proved by error estimates between the regularized solution and the exact solution. The numerical results show that the method is efficient and stable.
This paper adapted the neural network for the estimating of the direction of arrival (DOA). It uses an unsupervised adaptive neural network with GHA algorithm to extract the principal components that in turn, are used by Capon method to estimate the DOA, where by the PCA neural network we take signal subspace only and use it in Capon (i.e. we will ignore the noise subspace, and take the signal subspace only).