Abstract

 One of the major components in an automobile engine is the throttle valve part. It is used to keep up with emissions and fuel efficiency low. Design a control system to the throttle valve is newly common requirement trend in automotive technology. The non-smoothness nonlinearity in throttle valve model are due to the friction model and the nonlinear spring, the uncertainty in system parameters and non-satisfying the matching condition are the main obstacles when designing a throttle plate controller.

In this work, the theory of the Integral Sliding Mode Control (ISMC) is utilized to design a robust controller for the Electronic Throttle Valve (ETV) system. From the first in

يعد الصراعات الدولية ظاهرةقديمة قدم البشرية وعلى المستوى الدولي وغالبا ما تكون الدول الصغرى هي الساحة لتصفية الصرااعت بين الدول الكبرى كما هو الحال في سوريا مما يؤدي لعدوم وجود امن انساني فيها

Background: Sperm motility disorder is an important cause of infertility in male, and one of the causes of reduced motility of the sperm is the disorders of the mitochondria because it provides the required energy for sperm motility, Laser biostimulation or low-level laser therapy has a positive effect on the mitochondria and led to increasing the synthesis of ATP. Method: Twenty fresh human semen samples were used in this research study, each sample was separated into two portions, one was used as control which is not exposed to the laser beam and the other was irradiated with the wavelength of 410 nm diode laser with an output power of 100 mW and an exposure time of 60 seconds, then the measurement of

The theme of the Abbasid Caliph and their children great interest in the knowledge and effective not only in the history of civilization but in the history of the humanity and the sublime values. Their interest and care for the scholar ulamaa and rendering help and encouragement by their caliphs were keen for science and knowledge because whatever the scholars have a status they cannot give help without and knowledge and the practice of their role in the interest and the care.

The cuneiform images need many processes in order to know their contents
and by using image enhancement to clarify the objects (symbols) founded in the
image. The Vector used for classifying the symbol called symbol structural vector
(SSV) it which is build from the information wedges in the symbol.
The experimental tests show insome numbersand various relevancy including
various drawings in online method. The results are high accuracy in this research,
and methods and algorithms programmed using a visual basic 6.0. In this research
more than one method was applied to extract information from the digital images
of cuneiform tablets, in order to identify most of signs of Sumerian cuneiform.

تهدف هذه الد ا رسة الى التعرف على السلوك التصويتي للمقترعات الع ا رقيات. والأسباب التي تدفعهن للمشاركة في عملية الاقت ا رع، والعوامل المؤثرة في خيا ا رتهن التصويتية والأسباب التي تجعلها تفضل اختيار الرجل أو اختيار ام أ ر ة ، وأخي ا رً مدى م ا رعاة اج ا رءات الاقت ا رع لظروف النساء واحتياجاتهن واهتماماتهن. اعتم دتالد ا رسة منهجاً وصفياً واستعان ت بطريقة المسح بالعينةاما الاداة الرئيسية فهي الاستمارة الاستبيانية.

Islam paid great attention to the youth, and took care of them because they
are the strength and movement, which is the preferrence stage in human life,
and they are the ones who

La stylistique, héritière de la rhétorique, est ‘la science du style’. La stylistique

qui a commencé, dès son apparition, par être divisée en stylistique de l’expression et

stylistique génétique s’est vu connaître d’autres classements en stylistique idéaliste,

structuraliste, fonctionnaliste ; générativiste….etc.

Cette évolution continuelle reflète la richesse de cette discipline. La diversité des

courants et écoles dans ce domaine se traduit sur le champ par une variété de méthodes

d’analyse stylistique.

L’enjeu principal dans la plupart de ces méthodes d’analyse est la manière selon la

quelle la relation entre langue et parole, langu

     Each language in the world has its special methods in using articles that connected with nouns. There are languages do not have articles and others their articles from one class, that is to say it do not have masculine and feminine such as our Arabic language. Also in some languages the nouns come after article.

The main aim in our research is to analyze the usage of these articles and its presence or not in the structure of sentence for the learners of Spanish language as a foreign language.

    The usage of these articles in Spanish language forms one of the problems that face students in the grammar of Spanish language, at the same time it stands as a problem in translation becau

تستند استراتيجية الفوضى الخلاقه في تطبيق الهدم و اعادة بناء من خلال نشر الفوضى في الدولة بهدف اضعافها سياسيا و اقتصاديا