Background: viruses are responsible for a large proportion of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs). Other causes of LRTIs are bacteria: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus being the most common. Sputum samples are commonly used in the microbiological laboratory for diagnosing lower respiratory infections. Objective: The aim of this study to evaluate the causative bacteria and antibiotics sensitivity in culture of sputum samples. Patients Methods: A retrospective study performed in the microbiology department of Al Immamin Al Kahdimin Medical laboratory in Baghdad. The results of sput

This study was designed to highlight the role of Epstein Barr viruses (EBV) as a possible causative effect in multiple sclerosis (MS) through testing the viral load along with both biochemical and immunological parameters in female MS patients. We also aimed at finding the effects of different types of treatment line on the various study aspects. The results of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) revealed first an increased level of EBV EBNA1IgG IL-17A (96.13±27.60 pg/ml) in sera of female MS patients (0.05±0.01 U/ml, n=50) compared with the control group (n=40). We confirmed this result using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) which also showed a significantly higher EBV load in MS patients (22.61±12.72 copi

Abstract

Psoriasis is defined as a series of events that begins in its initial stage with dermatitis and then progresses to more widespread inflammation and increased oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to determine whether psoriasis and the levels of IL-15, IL-23, and TNF-α are related, the ELISA technique was used to detect the levels of inflammation in psoriasis patients and to compare them with healthy individuals. This study included 150 samples, including 90 patients with psoriasis and 60 healthy individuals, and the study was conducted from November 2021 to April 2022. The current study revealed that there was a significant difference in the level of TNF-α in the group of psoriasis patients compa

Background: a rapid and accurate identification of Methicillim-Resistant Staphylococci (MRS) is of a particular clinical significance because they have cross-resistance to other antibiotics with high ability to be transmitted among hospitalized patients known as epidemic MRS.
Objectives: the detection of MRS and the susceptibility of isolates to antimicrobial agents, also to determine inducible and constitutive macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLSB) resistance mechanisms by pharmacodynamic interpretative reading approaches.
Methods: standard disk diffusion method was performed for 30 Staphylococcus aureus and 10 Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated from wound, burn patients admitted to Ramadi General Hospital in Ramadi and e

Background: The prevalence of congenital anomalies at birth is underestimated in developing countries due to the unavailability of perinatal diagnostic tests or accurate medical records.  The prevalence of congenital defects may help to establish a baseline, track changes over time, and uncover etiological clues.

Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the prevalence and types of major congenital anomalies in one of the main referral tertiary centers in Baghdad, highlighting the parent and neonatal characteristics and assessing the mortality rate in this group of patients.

Patients and Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted in Baghdad Teaching Hospital dur

Determination of the sites of geographical coordinates with high accuracy and in short time is very important in many applications, including: air and sea navigation, and in the uses geodetic surveys. Today, the Global Positioning System (GPS) plays an important role in performing this task. The datum used for GPS positioning is called World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS84). It consists of a three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system and an associated ellipsoid so that WGS84 positions describe coordinates as latitude, longitude and ellipsoid height (h) coordinates, with respect to the center of mass of the Earth This study develops a mathematical model for geomantic measurement correction for ellipsoidal heights (h) between two different

One of the main environmental problems which affect extensively the areas in the world is soil salinity. Traditional data collection methods are neither enough for considering this important environmental problem nor accurate for soil studies. Remote sensing data could overcome most of these problems. Although satellite images are commonly used for these studies, however there are still needs to find the best calibration between the data and real situations in each specified area. Landsat satellite (TM & ETM+) images have been analyzed to study soil pollution (Exacerbation of salinity in the soil without the use of abandoned agricultural for a long time) at west of Baghdad city of Iraqi country for the years 1990, 2001 & 2007. All of the th

Discrete   logarithms  are applied      in many    cryptographic problems  . For instance ,   in public   key .  and for construction of sets with disti nct sums of  k-clcments.  The   purpose o r  this   paper

is  to  modify  the  method ol' informationl1·iding  using        discrete logarithms  , introduce new properties of St - sets ,   uscdthe direct product   of    groups   to construct  cyclic group and finally, present modified   method   for   knapsack &