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Exploring job satisfaction among pharmacy professionals in the Arab world: a multi-country study
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Abstract<sec> <title>Objectives

The study objectives were to (1) describe the characteristics of the pharmacy professionals and (2) explore the association between job satisfaction and factors, such as work control, work stress, workload and organization and professional commitments.

Methods

This study was a cross-sectional design. The survey items were mainly adapted from the US National Pharmacist Workforce Survey. An electronic (Qualtrics) questionnaire was posted on pharmacist social media in several Arab countries. The survey link was posted from 22 March 2021 to 1 May 2021. The multiple linear regression measured the association between 12 independent variables and pharmacist job satisfaction.

Key findings

A total of 2137 usable surveys were received from pharmacists (54.7% female) working in 18 Arabic countries. The job satisfaction rate varied among countries in the Arab world. The fields with the highest satisfaction average included pharmaceutical marketing, academia and the pharmaceutical industry. At the same time, pharmacists working in community pharmacy and Ministry of Health/administrative positions had the lowest satisfaction rates. Overall, pharmacist satisfaction was average (3.1 out of 5). The pharmacists had the lowest satisfaction averages with income and job expectations. The pharmacists with bachelor’s degrees had significantly lower satisfaction than pharmacists with postgraduate degrees. Male pharmacists had significantly higher job satisfaction compared with female pharmacists. Workload and the feelings of organization and professional commitments had significant positive associations with job satisfaction.

Conclusions

The pharmacy profession in Arabic countries faced several challenges that negatively impacted job satisfaction. Improving work environment, professional management, income and organization loyalty is necessary to enhance pharmacist job satisfaction.

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Publication Date
Fri Jan 24 2025
Journal Name
Journal Of Baghdad College Of Dentistry
Immunohistochemical expression of D2-40, VEGF and PCNA as biological markers of lymphangiogenesis, angiogenesis and proliferation in pleomorphic adenoma of salivary gland origin
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Background: Pleomorphic adenoma is the most common benign salivary gland tumor and shows a pronounced morphological complexity and diversity; for this The immunoprofiles and clinical course of PA differed according to cellular differentiation. Therefore, it is important to assess potential biomarkers in diagnostic and therapeutic trials. This study evaluates the immunohistochemical expression of D2-40, VEGF and PCNA as markers of lymphangiogenesis, angiogenesis and proliferation of PA and their correlation with clinicpathological parameters and with each other. Materials and Methods: Twenty five formalin – fixed, paraffin – embedded tissue blocks were included in this study. After histopathological reassessment of haematoxylin & eosin

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Publication Date
Fri Jan 24 2025
Journal Name
Journal Of Baghdad College Of Dentistry
Oral signs and symptoms and hyperglycemic status of type II diabetic patients in relation to cytomorphometric findings of gingival and buccal cytobrush smears
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Background: Brush cytology is an accepted technique that gets renewed interest. It is now used as an aid for the diagnosis and observation of possible epithelial changes that could be associated with oral mucosal diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the cytomorphometric changes in gingiva and buccal mucosa of type II diabetics and to assess their relation to oral symptoms and glycemic status. Materials and methods: Cytological Papanicolaou stained smear were prepared from cheek and gingiva of 20 non treated cases, 20 treated diabetics and 20 healthy persons of both sex after measuring their HbA1c and recording their oral symptoms. Hundred unfolded epithelial cells were evaluated qualitatively using MCID software to measure nuclear and cy

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Publication Date
Wed Dec 01 2021
Journal Name
Baghdad Science Journal
Drinking water quality evaluation of hand pumping wells using water quality index and standard algal toxicity testing in Mansoura and Talkha cities, Egypt
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Six house-hold Abyssinian pumps distributed in different villages of Mansoura (Mans-I, Mans-II and Mans-III) and Talkha (Talk-I, Talk-II and Talk-III) cities, Egypt, have been selected for regular seasonal water quality assessment during 2017. Water samples have been collected within the mid-periods of four seasons Standard assessment tools were employed for the integrated water quality assessment including Water Quality Index (WQI) and ISO standard algal toxicity test. WQI displayed remarkable local and seasonal variations with excellent (≥ 90) and good (70 - 89) only recorded for water samples collected from Mans-I pump located in sparsely populated area and far 50 meters only from the eastern (Damietta) branch of Nile River. WQI of

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Publication Date
Mon May 01 2017
Journal Name
The Journal Of Immunology
Attenuation of Staphylococcal enterotoxin-B (SEB)-induced lung injury (ALI) by resveratrol results from miR-193a down-regulation and alterations in metabolic profile
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Abstract<p>Resveratrol, (RES), a phytoalexin, is well-known for its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties. SEB, a superantigen, is known to trigger ALI and cause mortality. In the current study, we tested the effect of RES in a dual-dose model of SEB exposure that triggers ALI and causes 100% mortality in C3H/HeJ-mice. The data revealed RES attenuated SEB-induced ALI and prevented mortality. Forty eight hours post-SEB exposure, lung-infiltrating mononuclear cells were tested for microRNA expression profile to determine the epigenetic regulation by resveratrol. SEB-activated splenocytes were pre-treated with 50 μM of RES or vehicle for metabolic profile analysis by measuring oxygen consu</p> ... Show More
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Publication Date
Sun Mar 04 2012
Journal Name
Baghdad Science Journal
Evaluation of cellular immune response in Golden Hamsters experimentally infected with Leishmania donovani comparing with cellular immune response against chicken Red Blood Cells.
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The Evaluation of the immune response in Golden Hamsters experimentally infected with Leishmania donovani was determined in this study, particularly, the cellular immune response. Follow up has maintained to determine the Delayed Type of Hypersensitivity using skin test both in infected and control lab animals. Chicken red blood cells were used as a parameter to evaluate the immune system; they are dull and have the ability of immunization. Two concentrations of chicken R.B.C were examined to determine which gives the higher titration in Hamsters and those were 1.5 X 109 cell/ml and 3 X 109 cell/ml , the second concentration gave the maximum titration where then used in this work. After sensitization with Chicken R.B.C for both in

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Publication Date
Sun Jun 02 2019
Journal Name
Baghdad Science Journal
Effect of Aqueous Extract Cyperus rotundus Tubers as Antioxidant on Liver and Kidney Functions in Albino Males Rats Exposed to Cadmium Chloride Toxic
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          The experiment was conducted in two stages: first stage: determination of the most effective dose of Cyperus rotundus tubers aquatic extract in male rats for 5 days, which was concentrated as (200 mg/kg body weight). The second stage was designed to observe and test the protective effects of C. rotundus tubers aquatic extract in the liver and kidney functions of male rats exposed to cadmium chloride poisoning (5 mg/kg bw) for 30 days. The animals were divided into (4) groups within each group (5) animals weighted (200-220g). The results of oral dose of cadmium chloride showed a significant increase of (P˂0.05) in the activity of both enzymes Alanine aminotransferas

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Publication Date
Mon Jun 22 2020
Journal Name
Baghdad Science Journal
Histological and Biochemical Parameters Follow-up in Experimental rats Administrated dexamethasone and Treated with Green Synthesis Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Using (Camillia sciences) Extracts
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In this study, Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles were synthesized by an easy and eco-friendly technique (green synthesis) using green tea leaves (Camillia sinensis), Nanoparticles were analyzed using structural and optical analysis, the X-ray pattern showed that Titanium Dioxide NPs had a tetragonal structure with (Face Centered Tetragonal) FCT crystal structure, the UV-visible recorded an absorbance peak near 350 nm and calculated energy band gap was 3.5 eV, all measurements were proved the purity and Nano size of prepared Nanoparticles. Biochemical parameters evaluation also mentioned in this research, these analyzes showed that Titanium Dioxide nanoparticles in particular dose (50 mg/kg) have the ability to reduce blood glucose

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Publication Date
Tue Dec 01 2020
Journal Name
Baghdad Science Journal
Association between Allelic Variations of -174G/C Polymorphism of Interleukin-6 Gene and Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder in Iraqi Patients
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This study designed to examine association between-174G/C polymorphism of interleukin-6 gene and phosphate, calcium, vitamin D3, and parathyroid hormone levels in Iraqi patient with chronic kidney disease on maintenance hemodialysis. Seventy chronic renal failure patients (patients group) and 20 healthy subjects (control group) were genotyped for interleukin-6 polymorphism and genotyping was performed by conventional polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. No significant differences in phosphate levels were observed in patients and control with different interleukin-6 genotypes. Control had non-significant differences in calcium levels, while patients with GG and CG genotypes displayed significant e

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Publication Date
Sun Jan 20 2019
Journal Name
Ibn Al-haitham Journal For Pure And Applied Sciences
Novel Co-Precipitation method for synthesis of Nanostructured Nickel Oxide in accordance to PH: Structural and Optical Properties as an Active optical filter
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      Low cost Co-Precipitation  method was used for Preparation of novel nickel oxide (NiO) nano particle thin films with Simple, with two different PH values 6, 12 and its effect on structural and optical properties as an active optical filter. Experimental results of structural properties X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that both Nickel oxide nanoparticles with (PH=6 and 12) have polycrystalline structure smaller average particle size about 8.5 nm for PH=6 in comparison with PH=12. Morphological studies using Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and  atomic force microscope (AFM)  show uniform nano rod distribution for PH=6 with smaller average diameter, average roughness as compared with NiO with

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Publication Date
Wed Oct 28 2020
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Science
Synthesis and Characterization of New Polymers Bearing Tetrazole and Triazole Moieties with Studying their Corrosion Protection of Stainless Steel Surface in Hydrochloric Acid
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A series of polymers containing1,2,4-triazole  and tetrazole groups in their main chains were synthesized through several steps. Poly(acryloyl hydrazide) was first prepared and then subjected to a hydrazide reaction with phenyl isothiocyanate to give a 1,2,4-triazole ring (2). This polymer was introduced into a reaction with chloro acetylchloride to yield polymer (3), which was refluxed with sodium azide to give polymer (4). Polymer (5) was synthesized by the reaction of polymer (4) with  acrylonitrile in the presence of NH4Cl as a catalyst. Finally, polymer (6) was synthesized by the electrochemical polymerization of polymer (5) using  316L stainless steel as an anti-corrosion coating. Polymer-coated and uncoat

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