Lasers, with their unique characteristics in terms of excellent beam quality, especially directionality and coherency, make them the solution that is key for many processes that require high precision. Lasers have good susceptibility to integrate with automated systems, which provides high flexibility to reach difficult zones. In addition, as a processing tool, a laser can be considered as a contact-free tool of precise tip that became attractive for high precision machining at the micro and nanoscales for different materials. All of the above advantages may be not enough unless the laser technician/engineer has enough knowledge about the mechanism of interaction between the laser light with the processed material. Several sequential phenomena occur when an intense laser beam is incident on the surface of a material. Heating, melting, vaporization and plasma formation are present in the normal interaction of an intense laser beam with matter. This may be followed by additional events such as acoustic and optical emissions, structure shockwaves, thermal effects, structural defects and residual stresses. The process is affected by a lot of variables that can transfer the interaction towards extremely different behavior in terms of colder and fewer side-effect interactions, which yield precise features for the processed material. The most crucial variables are the time scale of interaction and laser wavelength with respect to the properties of the processed material undertaken as well as the laser fluence. The objective of this chapter is to introduce the fundamentals of physical and mathematical concepts of laser and matter interaction and its dependency on different time scale regimes. Interaction with a short and ultra-short laser pulse has attracted a significant amount of interest in industry due to its huge impact in micro-/nanomachining applications.
Project management are still depending on manual exchange of information based on paper documents. Where design drawings drafting by computer-aided design (CAD), but the data needed by project management software can not be extracted directly from CAD, and must be manually entered by the user. The process of calculation and collection of information from drawings and enter in the project management software needs effort and time with the possibility of errors in the transfer and enter of information. This research presents an integrated computer system for building projects where the extraction and import quantities, through the interpretation of AutoCAD drawing with MS Access database of unit costs and productivities for the pricing and
... Show MoreSupport vector machine (SVM) is a popular supervised learning algorithm based on margin maximization. It has a high training cost and does not scale well to a large number of data points. We propose a multiresolution algorithm MRH-SVM that trains SVM on a hierarchical data aggregation structure, which also serves as a common data input to other learning algorithms. The proposed algorithm learns SVM models using high-level data aggregates and only visits data aggregates at more detailed levels where support vectors reside. In addition to performance improvements, the algorithm has advantages such as the ability to handle data streams and datasets with imbalanced classes. Experimental results show significant performance improvements in compa
... Show MoreSuppose that
The selection and assessment of single-photon detection modules is a crucial problem in satellite-based QKD systems. The system's overall efficiency, secure key rate and quantum bit error rate are all significantly influenced by single-photon detection modules. There is a knowledge gap about the practical performance of commercially available single-photon detectors because existing research frequently relies on theoretical characteristics. This paper introduces a study on the effect of the parameters of three commercial single photon detection modules from ID Quantique company: ID Qube, ID100, and ID281 on certain Bennett-Brassard 1984 protocol parameters such as secure key rate, mean photon number per pulse, quantum bit error rate
... Show MoreThe moisture sorption isotherms of Mefenamic acid tablets were investigated by measuring the experimental equilibrium moisture content (EMC) using the static method of saturated salt solutions at three temperatures (25, 35, and 45°C) and water activity range from 0.056 to 0.8434. The results showed that EMC increased when relative humidity increased and the sorption capacity decreased, the tablets became less hygroscopic and more stable when the temperature increased at constant water activity. The sorption curves had a sigmoid shape, type II according to Brunauer’s classification. The hysteresis effect was significant along with the whole sorption process. The results were fitted to three models: Oswin, Smith, and Guggen
... Show MoreOver the past few decades, the surveying fieldworks were usually carried out based on classical positioning methods for establishing horizontal and vertical geodetic networks. However, these conventional positioning techniques have many drawbacks such as time-consuming, too costly, and require massive effort. Thus, the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) has been invented to fulfill the quickness, increase the accuracy, and overcome all the difficulties inherent in almost every surveying fieldwork. This research assesses the accuracy of local geodetic networks using different Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) techniques, such as Static, Precise Point Positioning, Post Processing Kinematic, Session method, a
... Show MoreThe bifurcation of the constitutional rights of one of the techniques used by the constitutional court to expand the scope of the constitutional right to explicit, and access to the fact that guarantees constitutional rights, and establishes the constitutional elimination of this technique on a particular bond is the constitutional terms of reference, and in the light of his discretion in the exercise of the constitutional powers of , and tends at times To the adoption of a broad branching approach, which confers on the constitutional text containing constitutional rights a wider scope than the scope of an explicit right.