Higher education is important because it creates and develops human capital and provides qualified human cadres, which requires restructuring government spending so that an increase in funding allocated to education is brought about. During the period 1990-2020, government spending was weak on educational institutions in Iraq, which led to a decline in The role of these institutions in the economic development of the country. The highest percentage of spending on higher education of GDP was 0.47% in 2007 and the lowest was 0.01% in 2005. The number of public universities reached 35, and the number of private universities and colleges reached 64 universities and private colleges in 2020. This was accompanied by an increase in the number of s

The early childhood stage, which is usually described as establishing the development and growth of most of the child’s mental, psychological, moral, and physical abilities, so scientists and researchers have been interested in the growth and upbringing of the child, especially for the specified period between (6 until the age of 11) due to the importance of education in this stage. The age stage in terms of developing the child’s senses and experiences, because he is by nature inclined to play and draw in his instinctive activity, according to which his natural responses to stimuli and his contemplation of what surrounds him change. Since drawing plays an important role in raising a child from an emotional and intellectual point of vie

In this research was study the effect of increasing the number of layers of the semiconductor films as PbS on the average grain sizes and illustrate the relationship between the increase in the average grain size and thickness of the membrane, and membrane was prepared using the easy and simple and does not need the complexity of which is that the chemical bath , and from an X-ray diffraction found that the material and the installation of a random cubic and when increasing the number of layers deposited note the emergence of a number of vertices of a substance and PbS at different levels but the level is more severe (200) as well as the value is calculated optical energy gap and found to be not affected by increase thickness and from th

Linear and nonlinear optical properties of epoxy/ Al2O3 nanocomposites system were studied for epoxy neat and (0.5, 1.5, 3, and 5) % Al2O3 nanocomposites.The band gap of epoxy and its nanocomposites was obtained at these weight ratios. Nonlinear optical properties experiments were performed using Q-switched Nd:YAG laser z-scan system.These experiments were carried out for different parameters: wavelengths (1064 nm and 532 nm), laser intensities (0.530, 0.679, and 0.772) GW/cm2 and weight ratio of Al2O3 nanocomposites. The results showed that the band gaps were decreased with increasing the weight ratio of nanoalumina except at 5wt% and the nonlinear refractive index coefficient is directly proportional to the incident intensities while o

Gypsum Plaster is an important building materials, and because of the availabilty of its raw materials. In this research the effect of various additives on the properties of plaster was studied , like Polyvinyl Acetate, Furfural, Fumed Silica at different rate of addition and two types of fibers, Carbon Fiber and Polypropylene Fiber to the plaster at a different volumetric rate. It was found that after analysis of the results the use of Furfural as an additive to plaster by 2.5% is the optimum ratio of addition to that it improved the flexural Strength by 3.18%.
When using Polyvinyl Acetate it was found that the ratio of the additive 2% is the optimum ratio of addition to the plaster, because it improved the value of the flexural stre

Polyaniline polymer has been prepared by chemical oxidation
polymerization method in laboratory successfully. The PANI and
(PVA+PVP) as a polymer blends in different percentage (30%, 50%,
70%) from Polyaniline was prepared. The sample was studies as
optical properties by UV-vis spectrophotometer at (400-700) nm.
The result of optical energy gap was 2.23 eV for pure (PVA+ PVP)
and with additive was increasing with increasing PANI concentration
to become (2.49 for 30% to 2.52 for 70%) PANI. The goal of this
project is prepare triple blend polymer and study the effect when add
conductive polymer (Polyaniline) on the optical properties and
calculate optical constant as energy gap, refractive index, dielectric

Porous asphalt paving is a modern design method that differs from the usual asphalt pavements' traditional designs. The difference is that the design structure of porous pavements allows the free passage of fluids through their layers, which controls or reduces the amount of runoff or water accumulated in the area by allowing the flow of rain and surface runoff.  The cross-structure of this type of paving works as a suitable method for managing rainwater and representing groundwater recharge. The overall benefits of porous asphalt pavements include environmental services and safety features, including controlling the build-up of contaminated metals on the road surface, rainwater management, resistance to slipping ac

Transportation and distribution are the most important elements in the work system for any company, which are of great importance in the success of the chain work. Al-Rabee factory is one of the largest ice cream factories in Iraq and it is considered one of the most productive and diversified factories with products where its products cover most areas of the capital Baghdad, however, it lacks a distribution system based on scientific and mathematical methods to work in the transportation and distribution processes, moreover, these processes need a set of important data that cannot in any way be separated from the reality of fuzziness industrial environment in Iraq, which led to use the fuzzy sets theory to reduce the levels of uncertainty.

A polycrystalline CdTe film has been prepared by thermal evaporation technique on glass substrate at substrate temperature 423 K with 1.0 m thicknesses. The film was heated at various annealing temperature under vacuum (Ta =473, 523 and K). Some of physical properties of prepared films such as structural and optical properties were investigated. The patterns of X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the structure of CdTe powder and all films were polycrystalline and consist of a mixture of cubic and hexagonal phases and preferred orientation at (111) direction.
The optical measurements showed that un annealed and annealed CdTe films had direct energy gap (Eg). The Eg increased with increasing Ta. The refractive index and the real p