Photonic crystal fiber interferometers are widely used for sensing applications. In this work, solid core-Photonic crystal fiber based on Mach-Zehnder modal interferometer for sensing refractive index was presented. The general structure of sensor applied by splicing short lengths of PCF in both sides with conventional single mode fiber (SMF-28). To apply modal interferometer theory; collapsing technique based on fusion splicing used to excite higher order modes (LP01 and LP11). Laser diode (1550 nm) has been used as a pump light source. Where a high sensitive optical spectrum analyzer (OSA) was used to monitor and record the transmitted. The experimental work shows that the interference spectrum of Photonic crystal fiber interferometer

  This paper deals with proposing new lifting scheme (HYBRID Algorithm) that is capable of preventing images and documents which are fraud through decomposing there in to the real colors value arrays (red, blue and green) to create retrieval keys for its properties and store it in the database and then check the document originality by retrieve the query image or document through the decomposition described above and compare the predicted color values (retrieval keys)  of the query document with those stored in the database. The proposed algorithm has been developed from the two known lifting schemes (Haar and D4) by merging them to find out HYBRID lifting scheme. The validity and accuracy of the proposed algorithm have been ev

The water quality index is the most common mathematical way of monitoring water characteristics due to the reasons for the water parameters to identify the type of water and the validity of its use, whether for drinking, agricultural, or industrial purposes. The water arithmetic indicator method was used to evaluate the drinking water of the Al-Muthana project, where the design capacity was (40000) m3/day, and it consists of traditional units used to treat raw water. Based on the water parameters (Turb, TDS, TH, SO4, NO2, NO3, Cl, Mg, and Ca), the evaluation results were that the quality of drinking water is within the second category of the requirements of the WHO (86.658%) and the first category of the standard has not been met du

The water quality index is the most common mathematical way of monitoring water characteristics due to the reasons for the water parameters to identify the type of water and the validity of its use, whether for drinking, agricultural, or industrial purposes. The water arithmetic indicator method was used to evaluate the drinking water of the Al-Muthana project, where the design capacity was (40000) m3/day, and it consists of traditional units used to treat raw water. Based on the water parameters (Turb, TDS, TH, SO4, NO2, NO3, Cl, Mg, and Ca), the evaluation results were that the quality of drinking water is within the second category of the requirements of the WHO (86.658%) and the first category of the standard has not

Research on geopolitical and geopolitical studies relates to a range of sciences that can be called auxiliary sciences, such as political science, international relations in particular, and history, but their focus is rarely on science and ethnography

That the issues and problems of the world today has become so large and complex that does not allow a specific field or knowledge to solve one of the need for the newly known knowledge integration (geopolitics and geopolitics) in particular to move towards cognitive integration to understand many of the problems and global issues that faced The importance of this study comes to clarify the relationship between Darwinism, geopolitics and geopolitics. The geopolitics in modern terms d

Abstract :

The Aims of this research is to describe the concept of risk, its type and method of measurement, and to clarify the impact of these risks on the expected cash flow statement and the preparation of the target cash flow statement that takes these risks into consideration. Because the local economic environment is exposed to many risks, Therefore, this list will be predictive, which will help the economic unit to make administrative decisions, especially decisions related to operational, investment and financing activities. Therefore, the research problem is based on the fact that most of the local economic units are the list of flows According to the actual basis and not according to the discretionary basis (bud

Mercury, arsenic, cadmium and lead, were measured in sediment samples of river and marine environmental of Basra governorate in southern of Iraq. Sixteen sites of sediment were selected and distributed along Shatt Al-Arab River and the Iraqi marine environment. The samples were distributed among one station on Euphrates River before its confluence with Tigris River and Shatt Al-Arab formation, seven stations along Shatt Al-Arab River and eight stations were selected from the Iraqi marine region. All samples were collected from surface sediment in low tide time. ICP technique was used for the determination of mercury and arsenic for all samples, while cadmium and lead were measured for the same samples by using Atomic Absorption Spectrosc

Groundwater is an essential source because of its high quality and continuous availability characterize this water resource. Therefore, the study of groundwater has required more attention. The present study aims to assess and manage groundwater quality's suitability for various purposes through the Geographical Information System GIS and the Water Quality Index WQI. The study area is located in the city of Baghdad in central Iraq, with an approximate area of ​​900 , data were collected from the relevant official departments representing the locations of 97 wells of groundwater in the study area for the year 2019, as it included physicochemical parameters such as  pH, EC, TDS, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Cl,  , and &nbs

The effects of three different additives formulations namely Lubrizol 21001, HiTEC 8722B and HiTEC 340 on the efficiency of VII namely OCP of three base lubricating oils namely 40 stock and 60 stock and 150 stock at four temperatures 40, 60, 80 and 100oC were investigated. The efficiency of OCP is decreased when blended with 4 and 8 wt% of Lubrizol 21001 for all the three base oil types. But it is increased when adding 4 wt% and 8 wt% of H-8722B in 40 stock. While for 60 stock and 150 stock the OCP efficiency decreased by adding 4 and 8 wt% of H-8722B. In the other hand, it is decreased with a high percentage by adding 4 and 8 wt% of H-340 for 60 stock and 150 stock and for 40 stock it is increased by adding 4 wt% of H-340 and decreased

Among the duties of the state is to organize the lives of individuals in all respects, and among the categories that the state has to organize their lives are the category of new graduates who are looking for work, As a result of the conditions that accompany our dear country, such as the deterioration of economic life, the rise in unemployment, the inability of the state to recruit graduates as a whole, and the shortage that has appeared in the teaching staff in schools, especially those located in remote areas of the governorates, Studies have shown that there is a significant shortage of teaching staff, which prompted the state to create a new category, the category of free lecturers, and they are people who pledge to give free lectur