In this study the Entrance Surface Dose (ESD) received by pediatrics patients undergoing chest, abdomen and skull X-ray examinations was estimated. The study was conducted in two hospitals in Najaf city where three radiographic systems were considered. The study participants were classified into four age groups 0-1 , 1-5 , 5-10 and 10-15 years. Calculations were performed using exposure factors, kVp, mAs and focal-skin distance, together with patient data age. The ESD was calculated for the involved patients who underwent an Antero-posterior (AP) chest, abdomen and skull X-ray examination. The resulted data were analyzed and compared with international dose references. For all studied radiographic examinations and all X-ray machines, the ESD increases with age. The lowest recorded radiation dose was from hospital 1 machine 2. In this facility ESD ranged from 19.93 µGy to 67.66 µGy for chest X-ray, from 39.03 µGy to 82.63 µGy for abdomen (AP), and from 35.47 µGy to 94.27 µGy for skull (AP). In contrast the highest dose levels are recorded from hospital 2 machine 1; the minimum ESD for chest X-ray is 247.51 µGy and the maximum is 2393.12 µGy; for abdomen X-ray the lowest ESD is 269.05 µGy and the highest value is 5106.15 µGy; and for skull X-ray minimum values is 430.96 µGy and the maximum value is 3072.77 µGy. In conclusion, for the considered pediatrics examinations, most of ESD values are within the international acceptable level and some are higher >100% .
خصوصية التراضي في عقود الاستهلاك
يتناول البحث حماية المستهلك في التعاقد الالكتروني
Al-Jahiz is considered one of the scholars who had a great participation
in building the Arab scientific heritage, through his scientific
contributions that
مارسَ التراث بغير قصد دوراً تحكّمياً في العلل البلاغية ، إذ أمكث في كل موضوع علّة ً في عليائها بـها يقارع وبفضلها يداول ، ممـا كفل ديمومتها وتوجّـه الخاطر إليها، ومـن تلك العلل ( العناية بالمتقدّم لأنـــه الأهمّ ) الماثلة في موضوع( التقديم والتأخير) ، فقد تركت هذه العلّة لقوّة ركائزها بصمتها بنجاح لتكون مدخلاً إلى علل أخرى في إطار مفاهيمي مستوفٍ حقائق موضوعية وهواتف نفسية يغذيها الواقع، ولكن بمتابعة نصـوص قرآ
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L'ouverture des frontières et la mondialisation des échanges,comme les projets de l'intégration font de la connaissance de langue un enjeu essentiel ,professionnel et culturel,pour le citoyen de demain.
L'Irak est un pays Anglophone où domine l'anglais,le français est considérée comme deuxième langue étrangère en Irak.
Notre mini-mémoire se compose de deux parties.Dans la première partie nous essayons d'examiner la place du français en Irak qui nous dirige à savoir pourquoi on apprend le français en Irak et qui l'apprend?Est –ce qu'il y a une coopération française?
Dans la deuxième partie nous examinons les problèmes du français en Ir
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