Ecosystems provide humans with services that include benefits from food, fresh water, climate regulation, and socio-economic assets. The Mesopotamian marshlands are among the largest wetlands in the Middle East and they provide various benefits. However, ecosystem services of the Marshlands are consistently undervalued in national economic analysis and decision making. This study focusses on the Central Marshes, the first National Park in Iraq, and is the first attempt at valuing a series of ecosystem services from a valuable natural ecosystem in Iraq. We adopted the Toolkit for Ecosystem Services Site-Based Assessment (TESSA) for the determination of biophysical and economic values of services at the site level. Data on key ecosystem services (as determined by 30 interviews with residents of the Marshes) included the trading of fish, harvested plants, water buffalo milk, and fodder were collected across six months in 2014. We valued the ecosystem services within the CM (40,000 ha) over a 6-month period to have a total value of 860,078.23 USD. This estimated total value was the sum of 86,637.25 USD from harvested plants, 551,334.80 USD from trading fish, 167, 303.70 USD from trading water buffalo milk, and 54,804.00 USD from trading fodder. The average income per individual in Iraq in 2014 was 6720 USD (World Bank data - https://data.worldbank.org/country/iraq): thus, the CM provided an average salary for 256 people. Our results provided greater understanding of the ecosystem services contributed by the Central Marshes and has highlighted the crucial role of nature in supporting sustainable well-being for humans living in the area. In addition, the results can be used to enhance local policy, to aid management plans of the National park, and to estimate lost and damage that could result from impact of climate change on the area.
Rationale, aims and objectives: A review of studies published over the last six years gives update about this hot topic. In the middle of COVID-19 pandemic, this study findings can help understand how population may perceive vaccinations. The objectives of this study were to review the literature covering the perceptions about influenza vaccines and to determine factors influencing the acceptance of vaccination using Health Belief Model (HBM). Methods: A comprehensive literature search was performed utilizing PubMed and Google Scholar databases. Three keywords were used: Influenza vaccine, perceptions, and Middle East. Empirical studies that dealt with people/ HCW perceptions of influenza vaccine in the Middle East and writt
... Show MoreThe relationship between costs of environment and costs of product life – cycle. Boubtlessly when the economical unit exercise their productive works, they lead to pollution in water, air and soil as well as all stages of product life- cycle from Rans Dstage, production stage, packaging stage and finally abandonment stage- Pollution causes environmental costs. Lgnoring or hiding environmental costs and no taking them in consideration with product cost lead to a wrong account of preduot cost.
Therefore, environmental costs should be included and matched for all stages with in product costs to know which activities, processes
... Show MoreThe research dealt with the reservoir division for Upper Shale Member from Zubair formation in Luhais field, Where it was divided into six units of reservoir and non-reservoir, including the main reservoir unit 1C, which is the subject of research in this study, and studied in terms of thickness and lithology.
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... Show MoreThe research involved attempt to inhibit the corrosion of Al-Si-Cu alloy in 2.5x10-3 mol.dm-3 NaOH solution (pH=11.4) by addition of six different inhibitors with three concentrations (1x10-3, 1x10-2, and 0.1 mol.dm-3). These inhibitors include three organic materials (sodium acetate, sodium benzoate, and sodium oxalate) and three inorganic materials (sodium chromate, disodium phosphate, and sodium sulphate). The data that concerning polarization behaviour are calculates which include the corrosion potential (Ecorr) and current density (icorr), cathodic and anodic Tafel slopes (bc & ba), and polarization resistance (Rp). Protection efficiency (P%) and activation energy (Ea) values were calculated for inhibition by the six inhibitors. The
... Show MoreFilled the place thought philosophers and ancient is the identity that you know The value of belonging to a World Geography existential - the spiritual , and Which is characterized by the structure humanity from one another and the Rest of the organisms they interact with him alone by environmental Conditions - surrounding has to achieve time through continuous movement Localized or comprehensive . The place is exemplified by making special Natural Great Creator, I believe making structure humanity combined - Individual interactive because of its influential role in all daily consumer Productions and creative arts, specifically drama's TV , because the place in Aesthetic discourse - TV drama directly affect the creating and building the
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Communication attribution is a condition of the validity of the hadeeth and that each narrator heard from his Sheik.There are some of the narrators who said to hear who told him and his contemporary, and this narrator is also innocent of the stigma of fraud, but this hearing has no truth.
The aim of the study was to study the implications of the strategic direction on organizational performance. The research was carried out in the Iraqi Ministry of Defense / Inspector General's Office for the purpose of identifying the nature of the relationship and the impact between the two variables. A sample of 60 people managers, department managers and directorates was targeted.
The researcher tried to test hypotheses in the first chapter, which was devoted to the methodology of research and previous studies and found the following: (1) validity of the first hypothesis of the existence of a relationship of positive significance of the strategic direction in its sub-dimensions with organizational perf
... Show MoreThe importance of the study, which is how to use these exercises with the device in rehabilitating the flabby muscles after childbirth, which is a problem found in our society and in need of high education on it because the form of exercises does not need places designated for training such as halls or fitness halls, especially since the social woman has limited movement in which we see the responses Physiology in different ways, the woman’s body is not only subject to the day’s need for work or the need to complete hours of physical training, but she has feminist components that she must overcome, whether it is physiological or otherwise.The research sample was determined by the intentional method available from women whose age
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