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The Effect of TNF-Alpha Gene Polymorphisms At -376 G/A, -806 C/T, and -1031 T/C on The Likelihood of Becoming a Non-Responder to Etanercept in A Sample of Iraqi Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients
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Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) antagonists’ therapy are expensive and has a non-responsive rate between 30% to 40% in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Genetic variation plays a vital role in the responsiveness to this type of therapy.The aim of this study is to investigate if the presence of genetic polymorphism in the TNF-α gene promoter region at locations -376 G/A (rs1800750), -806 C/T (rs4248158), and -1031 T/C (rs1799964) affects rheumatoid arthritis patient's tendency to be a non-responder to etanercept.

Eighty RA patients on etanercept (ETN) for at least six months were recruited from the Rheumatology Unit at Baghdad Teaching Hospital. Based on The European League Against Rheumatism response (EULAR) criteria, patients were divided into two groups: responders and non-responders. After polymerase chain reaction amplification of their DNA, the amplified DNA was sequenced by Sanger method to determine the polymorphisms at the positions -376G/A, -806 C/T, and -1031T/C.

The results of this study found that equally Phi correlation and binary logistic regression analysis revealed a non-significant association for all genotypes in the three polymorphic sites with the tendency for being non-responder. Moreover, there was no significant difference in TNF-α mean level or the change in disease activity score for 28 joints (DAS28) after six months of etanercept therapy between all genotypes for each polymorphic site.

The present study concludes that there was no correlation between the polymorphisms in the TNF-α promoter region at -376G/A, -806 C/T, and -1031T/C with the tendency for being non-responder to ETN.

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Publication Date
Sat Jan 01 2022
Journal Name
Biomed Research International
Zerumbone‐Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carrier Gel Enhances Wound Healing in Diabetic Rats
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This study investigated the healing effects of topical application of zerumbone, a well‐known anti‐inflammatory compounds loaded on nanostructured lipid carrier gel (Carbopol 940) (ZER‐NLCG) on excisional wounds in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats. Diabetic rats with inflicted superficial skin wound were topically treated with ZER‐NLCG, empty NLCG, and silver sulfadiazine cream (SSDC) once daily for 21 days. Wound tissue samples were analyzed for proinflammatory cytokines, namely, interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), interleukin‐1 β (IL‐1β), and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), hydroxyproline contents, catalase,

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Publication Date
Tue Sep 29 2020
Journal Name
Journal Of Settlements And Spatial Planning
Regional Development Prospects for Sustainable Urbanization. Case Study – Qalaat Salih in Iraq
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The importance of regional development resides in the provision of aid and other assistance to regions that are less economically developed. The purpose of this research is to identify the development possibilities and resources at the regional level, which can be tapped for the development of secondary cities. This research aims to shed light on the importance of urban planning in creating regional balance and relieving population and service pressure on major cities. The research answers the question relative to how urban planners can work towards the idea of creating development corridors including the cities located within them, whilst focusing more on the regional dimension and the topic of sustainable urbanization. This research assum

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Publication Date
Tue Aug 01 2023
Journal Name
International Journal Of Electrical And Computer Engineering (ijece)
Energy generation by crystalline silicon photovoltaic network per meter square in Iraq
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<span lang="EN-US">Iraqi people have been without energy for nearly two decades, even though their geographic position provides a high intensity of radiation appropriate for the construction of solar plants capable of producing significant quantities of electricity. Also, the annual sunny hours in Iraq are between 3,600 to 4,300 hours which makes it perfect to use the photovoltaics arrays to generate electricity with very high efficiency compared to many countries, especially in Europe. This paper shows the amount of electric energy generated by the meter square of crystalline silicon in the photovoltaic (PV) array that already installed in 18 states in Iraq for each month of the year. The results of the meter-square of PV arr

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Publication Date
Sat Feb 02 2019
Journal Name
Journal Of The College Of Education For Women
Code-Switching in Language : An Applied Study: تغییر الشفرة اللغویة: دراسة تطبیقیة
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Publication Date
Tue Mar 31 2020
Journal Name
College Of Islamic Sciences
commiseration for lovers Study in Indication Synthetic Lamentation "Kuthaira Ouza" for instance
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There is no doubt that the achievement of the manuscripts of   There  is no doubt  various of situations for performing  a duty , The diversity of stimuli in humans with sensory, unconscious and instinct sensitive systems. Which leads to a diversity of feelings, sensations, emotions and feelings, This therefore requires different types of function linguistic structures indication , Of that linguistic potential that God willing to be unique, In the function of discharging and venting those feelings and emotions that are raised by its various stimuli, which are only needs and psychological and biological purposes require verification and access and gain it. S

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Publication Date
Sun Oct 19 2025
Journal Name
Lecture Notes In Networks And Systems
Smart Management for Secondary School Principals in Education Directorates from Their Viewpoint
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The research aimed to identify smart management capabilities of secondary school principals in education directorates in Baghdad according to the administrative intelligent and leadership competencies. The study used incentives as a descriptive method, by analyzing five main areas of smart management: strategic planning, self-awareness, skills, organization and culture. A purposive sample consisting of 102 secondary school principals from education directorates (Rusafa1) and (Karkh2), was taken to fill questionnaire the latter representing a complete sample of the target population. validated has been built an advanced measurement tool composed of 56 items across the five domains of strategic planning (21%), self-awareness (21%), culture (2

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Publication Date
Sun Jan 01 2017
Journal Name
Spe
SPE-188966-MS: Drilling problems detection in Basrah oil fields using smartphones
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Publication Date
Tue Jun 15 2021
Journal Name
Al-academy
Expressive connotations in Saad Al-Basri's sculptures: سناء عبد الامير حسين القيسي
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  This research deals with an aesthetic discourse that depends on the expressive connotations and the aesthetics of its formation in sculpture, The sculptural works of the artist Saad Al-Basri were chosen as a model, Therefore, it deals with a contemporary plastic topic that benefits art education students and plastic arts students, The method of using materials and their formation methods has evolved and the great change that took place in the taste has developed, As the more knowledge and viewing of artworks increases in research and studies, it leads to an increase in aesthetic taste and aesthetic sense, which is reflected in the artistic achievements of students in the implementation of their work, A field study was conducted to

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Publication Date
Sun Oct 20 2024
Journal Name
Chemical Papers
Response surface methodology for optimizing crude oil desalting unit performance in iraq
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Publication Date
Fri Oct 07 2016
Journal Name
Fourth International Conference On Wireless And Optical Communications, 2016, Beijing, China
ESAM: Endocrine inspired Sensor Activation Mechanism for multi-target tracking in WSNs
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Target tracking is a significant application of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in which deployment of self-organizing and energy efficient algorithms is required. The tracking accuracy increases as more sensor nodes are activated around the target but more energy is consumed. Thus, in this study, we focus on limiting the number of sensors by forming an ad-hoc network that operates autonomously. This will reduce the energy consumption and prolong the sensor network lifetime. In this paper, we propose a fully distributed algorithm, an Endocrine inspired Sensor Activation Mechanism for multi target-tracking (ESAM) which reflecting the properties of real life sensor activation system based on the information circulating principle in the endocr

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