تعددت التعاريف اللغوية والاصطلاحية لمفهوم الفساد الإداري، ويتضح من خلال هذه التعريفات عدم وجود تعريف موحد له، إلا أنه بشكل عام يشير إلى الخروج على القانون والنظام أو استغلال المال العام لتحقيق مصالح سياسية أو اقتصادية أو اجتماعية لفرد أو جماعة معينة، مما يجعله عملًا غير أخلاقي يتميز بإساءة استعمال السلطة أو الموقع الوظيفي لمنح بعض الأفراد أفضلية على الآخرين. كما يتمثل الفساد الإداري في قيام الموظف العام بارتكاب أفعال غير مشروعة تشكل إهدارًا لواجبات الوظيفة، حيث يخالف بذلك متطلبات التكليف الرسمي سعيًا لتحقيق مكاسب شخصية سواء كانت مادية أو معنوية. لم تقدم اتفاقية الأمم المتحدة لمكافحة الفساد تعريفًا مباشرًا للفساد، لكنها خصصت الفصل الثالث منها للتجريم وإنفاذ القانون، مستعيضةً عن التعريف بسرد حالات متعددة للفساد في المواد من 15 إلى 25، تاركةً للدول الأعضاء إمكانية تحديد أشكال مختلفة منه قد تنشأ مستقبلاً، وذلك نظرًا لمرونة مفهوم الفساد وإمكانية تكييفه وفقًا لاختلاف المجتمعات. ويبدو أن الاتفاقية اتبعت هذا النهج تجنبًا للتباينات السياسية والاقتصادية والثقافية بين الدول، والتي قد تعيق تبني الاتفاقية بصورة موحدة. يعد موضوع التدابير الدولية المضادة للفساد الإداري وأثرها على التشريعات العراقية من المواضيع المهمة، حيث يتناول أثر التدابير الوقائية والعلاجية التي نصت عليها اتفاقية الأمم المتحدة لمكافحة الفساد ومدى استجابة التشريعات العراقية لها، مع بيان انعكاساتها على هذه التشريعات. وقد تم تقسيم البحث إلى مبحثين، تناول الأول الأثر الوقائي للتدابير الدولية على التشريعات العراقية من خلال دراسة قانون هيئة النزاهة، وقانون المفتش العام، وقانون الرقابة المالية، ودور البرلمان. أما المبحث الثاني فقد تناول الأثر العلاجي لهذه التدابير من خلال دراسة نصوص التجريم في قانون هيئة النزاهة، وقانون العقوبات، وقانون أصول المحاكمات الجزائية، إضافة إلى القوانين الأخرى ذات الصلة بمكافحة الفساد.
Women issues occupy an important place in international and development projects and programs. This is one of the goals of 21 Century announced during universal summit conference in 2000. The goals are : teaching children, reducing the average of the dead, in addition to the main goal which is reducing the poor level in 2015.
The increasing number of countries that adopt democratic policies, economic freedom and openness lead to heighten and develop the role of women in different ways. As a result, many feminism journals have appeared. Since journals help people to make decisions about public issues as well as acquiring new knowledge, it stimulates women to make decisions.
Feminism journalism takes a new trend. It has become specia
The problem of this research lies in the fact that there is a lack of accurate scientific perceptions about the size of the use of Iraqi women’s social networking sites and the motives behind this use and the expectations generated by them.
The goals of the research are as follows:
1- Determine the extent of Iraqi women’s use of social networking sites (Facebook, YouTube, twitter, and Instagram).
2- Investigative the motives behind the use of social networking sites by Iraqi women.
3- Detecting the repercussions of Iraqi women’s use of social networking sites (Facebook, you tube, twitter, and Instagram).
The research is classified as a descriptive one. The researchers use the survey methodology. The research commu
The electronic press is one of the distinctive media due to its unique features such as instant publishing and interactivity, uses multimedia, the use of hypertext, the personalization of media content, getting echo of the media messages provision of electronic archive of previous numbers of the newspaper.
The richness theory means that media are different depending on its wealth aspects which distinguish it from other media. The aspects of wealth here represent the features that characterize online press and constitute factors of media richness.
The researcher studies the properties of Iraqi media richness of their users. The researcher uses a field study to get the goals of the research and tests the hypotheses of media ric
... Show Moreالمستخلص
يهدف البحث إلى وضع إطار معرفي ومفاهيمي شامل لموضوع البحث, واغناء القارئ والمستفيد بالمعلومات الوافية عنه وتقليص الفجوات المعرفية للمهتمين به وقياس مدى ما هو متوفر وغير متوفر من المتطلبات الأساسية والضرورية لإنشاء صناديق التحوط في البيئة العراقية, وتمثلت صناديق التحوط بالمتغير الرئيس للبحث اما المتغيرات الفرعية فشملت (المتطلبات المالية, المتطلبات البشرية, البيئة التشريعية, الب
... Show MoreIn this research, the influence of the fermentation treatments and baking in Iraqi’s flour type (Ibaa 99, Al-rashed, Tamus, Abu-grabe) and Turkish flour type (Muaamel) on phytic acid was investigated. In whole wheat flour, the phytic acid was (1500, 1290, 1450, 1230, 1440 ( mg/ 100 g flour respectively, and the inorganic phosphorous was (29.18, 25.15, 23.89, 20.85, 22.83) mg/100 g flour respectively. The dough prepared from flour with a higher phytic acid content also contained higher amount of phytic acid. During fermentation, degradation of phytic acid occurred. The cumulative loss of phytic acid after fermentation in all type of dough was ~ 23, 22, 34, 26 and 27% respectively،While increased of inorganic phosphorous occurred. The c
... Show MoreIn order to have an idea about what happens in Iraqi food establishments in relation to implement quality management system ISO 9001, this study was performed to show the actual situation of Iraqi food establishments concerning quality management system (ISO 9001:2015), reasons of implementing, factors that hinder implementing and problems faced high administration for getting establishments certification ISO 9001:2015. The study demonstrated from the questionnaire some difficulties to implement ISO 9001 for both of establishments that implemented the quality system or which in implementing of this international standard. The most important problems during implementing were business culture and costs and the most important proble
... Show MoreThe variety of ideas and freedom of expression among the authors who are looking for everything new that serves the goals of musical and aesthetic expression, which calls for the use of traditional musical instruments with the great composition of musical instruments known as the orchestra represents a great challenge in several aspects. The incompetence of some of these instruments or limited capabilities or its costly method of performance sometimes forbids its use permanently in this great composition. It was necessary to have some problems facing the composer and the player on the one hand and the recipient on the other hand, who must be looking for perfection. Among those instruments that are used regularly in the works of the orche
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The open budget means everyone in the society can get information about the government budget in order to watch the governmental works. The aim of the research is to study the concepts of open budget, its advantage, limitations, role of supporting the transparency and questioning the administrative and financial corruption. Thus reflects positively on the national economy by providing governmental information to all users whether they are individuals or belong to the political class, or any other governmental or nongovernmental organizations which are interested in these information.
In order to achieve the objectives of the research aims, we make questionnaire to see aca
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The research aims to diagnose some of the negative phenomena
( Counterfiting , Pettifogging , Embezzlement ) that have been detected over the past ( 2010 – 2014 ), a fixed-term part of the national strategy for the fight against corruption launched by the Joint Council for the fight against corruption in Iraq and measuring the application of government control according to the American standard GAO standards and identifying the potential for the application of those standards gap. It has been collecting data and information of special issues of corruption reports and meeting with (42) employees and the use of a checklist has been prepared for thi
This study examines the relationships between Kuwait and the Soviet Union from 1961 to 1991, chiefly by analyzing not only the factors that drove Kuwait to form diplomatic relationships with Moscow in 1963 but also how domestic, regional, and international variables affected the development of those relationships until 1991. The study presents the analytical and historical research methods used to reach its findings. Among the findings, Kuwait’s decision to forge diplomatic relationships with Moscow in 1963 indeed seems to have been driven by domestic, regional, and international factors, including Kuwait’s geographical situation, the historical background of the relationships between Kuwait and Moscow, and the structure of t
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