A compact microstrip six-port reflectometer (SPR) with extended bandwidth is proposed in this paper. The design is based on using 16-dB multi-section coupled line directional couplers and a multi-section 3-dB Wilkinson power divider operating from 1 to 6 GHz. The proposed SPR employs only two calibration standards: a matched load and an open load. As compared to other dielectric substrates, fabricating the proposed SPR involves using a low-cost (FR4) substrate. A novel algorithm is also proposed to estimate the complex reflection coefficient over the frequency ranges at which the standard performance of the circuit components is not fully satisfied. The new algorithm is based on the circles’ intersection points, which have been derived from basic SPR equations, to estimate the complex reflection coefficient. To validate the SPR performance, a multiband microstrip patch antenna has been measured and the resulted reflection coefficient is compared with those obtained using a vector network analyzer (VNA). Results show that the proposed SPR provides a good estimation of the complex reflection coefficient within the frequency range of 1 GHz to 8 GHz. Owing to its compact size and ease of fabrication, the proposed reflectometer is suitable for various microwave broadband applications.
In light of the intellectual and technological progress within the current developments of time, as well as the emergence of digital tools and means of display and communication, which had a major role in the shifts of the time of globalization in various commercial and economic fields, as well as areas of transferring the design image and its stages of development to customers and the convergence of views between the customer and the interior designer, which are the most important pillars of the design process As a whole, and accordingly, there is an urgent need for a process of intellectual balance between them through digital tools from the technical side and through social media from the intellectual side. Customer comments via socia
... Show MoreThe optical modulator was designed by using iterated function
systems (IFSs) by IFS Construction Kit program. The modulator was inserted into the optical system using ZEMAX optical design program. In this program, it is assumed that the modulator is made from one of آ the infrared transmitting materials. Eight materials at room temperature were used in this study; these are IRTRAN materials, Si, and Ge for the range of 3-9 l-lm.
Systems were evaluated and analyzed by using different criteria,
including spot diagram, modulation transfer function, and point spread function. The effect of optical modulator change with the chang of آ its material results in focusing of functions and frequencies as requ
... Show MoreWe can understand interior design as a series of interconnected human principles and goals formed by science and knowledge to build a human product that reveals or gives meaning to things، and this can be presented through ecology as a system concerned with environmental aspects and as part of interior design، seeking to achieve aesthetic and functional values، in an interactive form between spaces The interior and its occupants are within an environmental balance full of life، and the ecological interior design attaches great importance to the embodiment of spiritual aspects in the internal environment، in addition to emphasizing the importance of protecting the environment and preserving resources through saving in its use and usi
... Show MoreMagneto-rheological (MR) valve is one of the devices generally used to control the speed of Hydraulic actuator of MR fluid. The performance of valve depends on the magnetic circuit design. Present study deals with a new design of MR valve. A mathematical model for the MR valve is developed and the simulation is carried out to evaluate the newly developed MR valve. The design of the magnetic circuit is accomplished by magnetic finite element software such as Finite Element Method Magnetic (FEMMR). The model dimensions of MR valve, material properties are taken into account. The results of analysis are presented in terms of magnetic strength H and magnetic flux density B. The simulation results based on the proposed model indicate that the ef
... Show MoreThe research dealt with the concepts of the philosophy of values and its epistemological variables according to specific propositions represented in their scientific approaches to value theory in the field of industrial design. As the epistemological propositions of the theory of values were dealt with based on the epistemological fields that dealt with the concept and what values are, starting with the modernist propositions and postmodern, passing through the propositions of sociological and psychological thought, which was a prelude to extracting the concepts of value theory and adopting it in the field of industrial product design. The epistemological approaches to value theory in industrial product design were repr
... Show MoreAbstract
Experimental work from Magnetic Abrasive Finishing (MAF) tests was carried out design parameters (amplitude, and number of cycle which are formed the shape of electromagnetic pole), and technological parameters (current, cutting speed, working gap, and finishing time) all have an influence on the mechanical properties of the surface layer in MAF process. This research has made to study the effect of design and technological parameters on the surface roughness (Ra), micro hardness (Hv) and material removal (MR) in working zone. A set of experimental tests has been planned using response surface methodology according to Taguchi matrix (36) with three levels and six factors
... Show MoreThis research discussed analytically based on intellectual institutions and theoretical landscape theater as artistic phenomenon depends on the compounds interacting overlapping mechanism visualization and dazzling Whatever the dilemma it a set of Alaqcar differ among themselves but in the result unit intellectual holds through difference and diversity between trends and styles and ways in design theorist theatrics Valashkalah on apparently formed through variations and different points of view through the philosophy of transformation and interpretation and assignment to offer privacy.
Valashkalah pulled in the design theorist theatrical as system training to arrange time and place and in line with the interpretation of speech text an
In this paper, wireless network is planned; the network is predicated on the IEEE 802.16e standardization by WIMAX. The targets of this paper are coverage maximizing, service and low operational fees. WIMAX is planning through three approaches. In approach one; the WIMAX network coverage is major for extension of cell coverage, the best sites (with Band Width (BW) of 5MHz, 20MHZ per sector and four sectors per each cell). In approach two, Interference analysis in CNIR mode. In approach three of the planning, Quality of Services (QoS) is tested and evaluated. ATDI ICS software (Interference Cancellation System) using to perform styling. it shows results in planning area covered 90.49% of the Baghdad City and used 1000 mob
... Show MoreIn this research design was treated gap laser mathematically and practically Bashaddam model Raasi simple and new and we have found that there is a good match in the practical and theoretical results