One of the most important challenges facing the development of laser weapons is represented by the attenuation of the laser beam as it passed through the layers of atmosphere.This paper presents a theoretical study to simulate the effect of turbulence attenuation and calculates the decrease of laser power in Iraq. The refractive index structure C_n^2 is very important parameter to measure the strength of the atmospheric turbulence, which is affected by microclimate conditions, propagation path, season and time in the day. The results of measurements and predictions are based on the Kolmogorov turbulence theory. It was demonstrated by simulations that the laser weapons in Iraq were severely affected due to the large change in temperatures,

    The research location is the northern part of the Basin of Limboto Lake; the focus of the research is the limestone outcrop with 24 meter thickness in Yosonegoro area. The purpose of the study is to find out facies, standard microfacies and depositional environment on Limboto limestone. The research method carried out consisted of three methods namely the measured section, petrographic analysis and biostratigraphy analysis.

The limestone facies in the Yosonegoro area consist of two facies. Then, based on sedimentary structure, composition, color, precipitation texture, terrestrial origin components and the organism content, the two facies can divided into three different microfacies. Paleobathyme

In this study, the electro-hydraulic servo system for speed control of fixed displacement hydraulic motor using proportional valve and (PID) controller is investigated theoretically ,experimentally and simulation . The theoretical part includes the derivation of the nonlinear mathematical model equation of (valve – motor ) combination system and the derivation of the transfer function for the complete hydraulic system , the stability test of the system during the operation through the transfer function using MATLAB package
V7.1 have been done. An experimental part includes design and built hydraulic test rig and simple PID controller .The best PID gains have been calculated experimentally and simulation, speed control performance te

The investigation of the effect of tempering on thermal analysis of
Al-Ti-Si alloy and its composites with MgO and SiC particles was
performed. Thermal analysis was performed before and after
tempering by DSC scan. Optical microscopy was used to identify the
phases and precipitations that may be formed in base alloy and
composites. X-ray diffraction test indicated that the Al3Ti is the main
phase in Al-Ti-Si alloy in addition to form Al5Ti7Si12 phase. Some
chemical reactions can be occurred between reinforcements and
matrix such as MgO.Al2O3 in Al-Ti/MgO, and Al4C3 and Al(OH)3 in
Al-Ti/SiC composite. X-ray florescence technique is used to
investigate the chemical composition of the fabricated specimens.
H

The researchers aim of this research to analyze the reality of educational services in the city of Ramadi in order to reveal the efficiency of the spatial distribution of schools at the level of residential neighborhoods and the requirements of the population, based on the standards and indicators for this service.

The research problem related to the educational function of the city of Ramadi was formulated by asking about the efficiency of the spatial distribution of educational services and whether there is a balance in the distribution of schools to residential neighborhoods in a way that meets the requirements of the population, and in order to answer the research problem, the research hypothesis was formulated that there is

The food web is a crucial conceptual tool for understanding the dynamics of energy transfer in an ecosystem, as well as the feeding relationships among species within a community. It also reveals species interactions and community structure. As a result, an ecological food web system with two predators competing for prey while experiencing fear was developed and studied. The properties of the solution of the system were determined, and all potential equilibrium points were identified. The dynamic behavior in their immediate surroundings was examined both locally and globally. The system’s persistence demands were calculated, and all conceivable forms of local bifurcations were investigated. With the aid of MATLAB, a numerical simu

In this study, the energy charging mechanism is mathematically modeled to determine the impact of design modifications on the thermofluidic behavior of a phase change material (PCM) filled in a triplex tube containment geometry. The surface area of the middle tube, where the PCM is placed, is supported by single or multi-internal frustum tubes in vertical triplex tubes to increase the performance of the heating and cooling of the system. In addition to the ordinary straight triplex tubes, three more scenarios are considered: (1) changing the middle tube to the frustum tube, (2) changing the inner tube to the frustum tube, and (3) changing both the internal and central tubes to the frustum tubes. The impact of adopting the tube desig

The removal of boron from aqueous solution was carried out by electrocoagulation (EC) using magnesium electrodes as anode and stainless steel electrodes as cathode. Several operating parameters on the removal efficiency of boron were investigated, such as initial pH, current density, initial boron ion concentration, NaCl concentration, spacing between electrodes, electrode material, and presence of carbonate concentration. The optimum removal efficiency of 91. 5 % was achieved at a current density of 3 mA/cm² and  pH = 7 using (Mg/St. St. ) electrodes, within 45 min of operating time. The concentration of NaCl was o. 1 g/l with a 0.5cm spacing between the electrodes. First and second order rate equation were applied to study adsorp

Background: Surface treatment of machined dental zirconia for enhancement of the adhesion to resin cement, using Er,Cr:YSGG  Laser. Materials and Methods: Total number of 42 zirconia disc specimens (9 mm diameter, and 2 mm height) was sintered according to the manufacturer instruction. They are divided into six groups, each group of seven samples. Laser groups (Experiment parameters) were depend on laser total irradiation time, pulse duration, and power. Group (A): 20 sec., 60 µs pulse duration. Group (B): 30 sec., 60 µs pulse duration. Group (C): 40 sec., 60 µs pulse duration. Group (D): 20 sec., 700 µs pulse duration. Group (E): 30 sec., 700 µs pulse duration, with different powers used (1, 1