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AL-AILM MAGAZINE: The Beginning Of The Era Of Specialized Journalism In Iraq
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The winds of change witnessed by the Ottoman Empire after the constitutional coup in 1908 carried the breezes of freedom, writers and journalists were finally able to express themselves, this change was reflected on intellectual and cultural life and on freedom of publication and expression , perhaps the first thing that was affected by this change was the press, it entered a new phase in which it got rid of those restrictions and limitations imposed by the Ottoman Sultanate concerning the right to issue newspapers and freedom of publication. Iraq was the first to witness a new phase of press relief, before the constitutional coup, it was possible to count on the fingers of the hand how many newspapers were issued, that number doubled to dozens during the first months, a year later, almost 60 newspapers in different types and topics were issued, this period also witnessed the emergence of specialized newspapers. Despite the absence of the concept of specialization in the Iraqi press at that time, some newspapers’ owners chose to …, Some of them gave multiple descriptions and claimed more than a specialization; for some it can be : society, politics, philosophy or religion, and for others : literature, humour .. etc.

It seems that this general and varied description was aimed at promoting these newspapers and not to specify their subjects or restrict them by some kind of specialization, especially when these newspapers were issued in a known historical period during which society suffered from underdevelopment  in all its forms, it also struggled with illiteracy in a way that left no room for believing that the owners of these newspapers were actually addressing a specific public, as it is the case today according to the concept of specialization in the press and its modern levels. Hence our selection for AL-AILM magazine - the subject of our research - as the owner has described it as a religious, philosophical, political, scientific, and an industrial magazine, and this description identified it with specified topics, made us look through it to find out the most important trends for the owner of this magazine and the area of ​​specialization. We sought to achieve the goal of the research to subject all the issues of the magazine that we were able to obtain and were 12 issues, while we neglected the other issues for lack of availability or preservation, the research sample represented 50 percent of the total number of 24 issues distributed over two years as a monthly publication. We had to investigate the scientific topics to find how many there are, and what their percentage relative to the total topics published in the magazine, we were able to answer the questions that we asked before going into this research. Among them are:

1- What is the extent and the type of specialization in this magazine ?

2- Can this magazine be considered as the beginning of specialized journalism in    Iraq ?

3- What are the main scientific themes that the journal focused on ?

After determining the goal of the research and its main purpose, it was necessary to enter this magazine through an introduction to know the character who stood behind the issuance of this magazine, as he represents one of those who were first to issue a private newspaper, relying on himself, his abilities and his financial potential to come up with this project in a time where people thought to be a dangerous adventure. It was necessary to use some descriptive words as an introduction in order to point out the artistic and directive changes during the years of publication.

We concluded at the end of the research, with a number of clear results by careful follow-up of the general topics covered by the magazine in its mentioned issues.

It is clear from the above and through the study of the Journal of AL-AILM, and the analysis of its topics, that despite the diversity of interests between science and religion, philosophy, culture and society, but it has been predominantly scientific, while other topics came in other ranks. Perhaps this corresponds with the owner of the magazine in his well-known orientation and scientific interests, which were referred to in the talk about the life of Shahristani, it also corresponds to the name chosen for the magazine ((Science)).  If the dominance of scientific interest over other interests at the turn of the twentieth century can be singled out from the rest, it is nowadays a step towards a journalistic discipline that a century ago, was not able to find a clear place and a precise definition. The scientific-based topic was predominant with no doubt, it is mainly scientific before being religious, philosophical or otherwise, most importantly because we deal with the language of numbers while analyzing the topics and pointing out its interests. These numbers proved that scientific topics were ranked first amongst other concerns, which satisfies the ambitions and achieve the goals of the owner by sharing science and knowledge in a society dominated by illiteracy, ignorance, poverty and disease. However, the desire of a figure like Shahristani in the enlightenment was behind the support and continuation of the publication of this magazine, which kept being issued for two years based on the personal financial possibilities of its owner and supported by a scientific and a cognitive overflow, reduced by the mentality of the cleric and journalist who sacrificed everything for the press and its role in the enlightenment, education and teaching. Therefore, we find the magazine and over the years of its publication, fought a war against ignorance and for the sake of science, until it got hindered by obstacles and problems that led the owner to leave the country for being threatened, and stopped publishing after its second year.

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Publication Date
Tue Dec 20 2022
Journal Name
Bulletin Of The Iraq Natural History Museum (p-issn: 1017-8678 , E-issn: 2311-9799)
DISTRIBUTION AND PHYLOGENETIC OF FRESHWATER MUSSEL UNIO TIGRIDIS BOURGUIGNAT, 1852 (BIVALVIA, UNIONIDAE) FROM GREATER ZAB RIVER, IRAQ
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Freshwater mussels are a guild of stationary, suspended-feeding species; they perform significant ecological functions like nitrogen cycling, bioturbation that gives oxygen and habitat that other creatures need to survive, and increasing water clearance by filtration. Knowledge of the freshwater mussel Unio tigridis Bourguignat, 1852, distribution, and molecular study in Iraq was inadequate. In the current study, this species of freshwater Mussels belonging to the family Unionidae was collected from different locations in the Greater Zab River, from April 2022 to November 2022. The average water temperature of the site was arranged between (17.8 to 36.1 C°). All previous studies in the Kurdistan Region and Iraq were based on morphologic

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Publication Date
Wed Jun 01 2022
Journal Name
Iranian Journal Of Chemistry And Chemical Engineering
The Thermal Pre-processing Technique of the Bio-waste for Contaminated Water Treatment: Histological and Experimental Study
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The current study suggested a thermal treatment as a necessary proactive step in improving the adsorption capacity of bio-waste for contaminants removal in wastewater. This approach was based on the experimental and histological investigation of biowaste pods shell. This investigation showed that these shells compose of parenchyma cells that store secondary metabolites compounds produced from cells were exhibited in present study. The results also reported that these compounds are extracted directly from the cells as soon as they are exposed to an aqueous solution, hampering their use as an adsorbent material. The increase in the weight of bio-waste adsorbent at unit liquid volume increases the production of secondary metabolites compounds

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Publication Date
Fri Mar 10 2023
Journal Name
Indian Journal Of Physics
Describing the differential inelastic inverse mean free path of PMMA polymer with the Mermin–Belkacem-Sigmund model
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Publication Date
Tue Jun 30 2015
Journal Name
Al-khwarizmi Engineering Journal
Studying and Modeling the Effect of Graphite Powder Mixing Electrical Discharge Machining on the Main Process Characteristics
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Abstract

This paper concerned with study the effect of a graphite micro powder mixed in the kerosene dielectric fluid during powder mixing electric discharge machining (PMEDM) of high carbon high chromium AISI D2 steel. The type of electrode (copper and graphite), the pulse current and the pulse-on time and mixing powder in kerosene dielectric fluid are taken as the process main input parameters. The material removal rate MRR, the tool wear ratio TWR and the work piece surface roughness (SR) are taken as output parameters to measure the process performance. The experiments are planned using response surface methodology (RSM) design procedure. Empirical models are developed for MRR, TWR and SR, using the analysis

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Publication Date
Thu Jun 30 2022
Journal Name
Pakistan Journal Of Medical And Health Sciences
The Effect of Hand Blood Flow on the Peripheral Fingertip Plethysmographic Waveforms Morphology and Pulse Wave Velocity
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Photoplethysmography (PPG) is a non-invasive optical technique that employs variations in light absorption produced by alteration in the blood volume in capillaries at the skin during the cardiac cycle. This study aims to understand factors related to PPG morphology; a hand-elevation, the study has modified blood flow to and from the finger was conducted in the laboratory. It is widely established that the position of the limb relative to the heart has an effect on blood flow in arteries and venous. Peripheral digital pulse wave (DPW) signals were obtained from 15 healthy volunteer participants during hand-elevation, and hand-lowering techniques wherein the right hand was lifted and lowered relative to heart level, while the left h

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Publication Date
Sun Apr 06 2014
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
Modeling Absolute Deviations Method by using Numerical Methods to measure the dispersion of the proposal for error
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Is in this research review of the way minimum absolute deviations values ​​based on linear programming method to estimate the parameters of simple linear regression model and give an overview of this model. We were modeling method deviations of the absolute values ​​proposed using a scale of dispersion and composition of a simple linear regression model based on the proposed measure. Object of the work is to find the capabilities of not affected by abnormal values by using numerical method and at the lowest possible recurrence.

 

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Publication Date
Wed Jun 30 2004
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Chemical And Petroleum Engineering
Studying the Factors Effects on the Flowability of ZnO-CuO/γAl2O3 Catalyst Through Hopper Before Tableting Process
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Publication Date
Tue Jul 09 2019
Journal Name
Global Journal Of Public Health Medicine
IMPROVING THE ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY BY THE COMBINATION OF ZIRCONIUM OXIDE NANOPARTICLES (ZrO2) AND CEFTAZIDIME AGAINST KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE
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Klebsilla pneumoniae is one of must opportunistic pathogens that causes nosocomial infection, UTI, respiratory tract infections and blood infections. ZrO2 nanoparticles have antimicrobial activity against some pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Ceftazidime is one of third generation cephalosporins groups of antibiotecs, characterized by its broad spectrum on bacteria in general and particularly on Enterobacteriaceae family like Klebsiella spp. Method: Diverse clinical samples of Klebsilla pneumoniae were isolated from several hospitals in Baghdad – Iraq and ZrO2 nanoparticles was investigated against it. Ceftazidime was also investigated against K. pneumoniae. Both of ZrO2 nanoparticles and ceftazidime were mixed together and investigated aga

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Publication Date
Sat Sep 30 2023
Journal Name
Journal Of The College Of Education For Women
The Prophetic Speeches (Hadith) on Sciences and Scientists: Application of the "Text from Text and D+" Theory
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This study aims to apply the theory of "Text from Text and the Plus Dimension" in the analysis of the Prophetic discourse found in the section on the virtues of knowledge and scholars from Imam Sahih al-Bukhari's book. This section covers several topics, including the virtue of gathering for the sake of learning, the superiority of a scholar over a worshipper, the excellence of jurisprudence in the religion of Allah, the acquisition of knowledge through the passing away of scholars, the merit of inviting people to Allah, the continuing benefit of beneficial knowledge after a scholar's demise, the warning against seeking knowledge for purposes other than Allah, and the Prophet seeking refuge from knowledge tha

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Publication Date
Sat Dec 01 2012
Journal Name
Journal Of Engineering
Numerical and experimental investigation on the performance of the capillary tube using R-134a and R-600a
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In this paper, isobutane (R-600a) is used as a suitable substitute for (R-134a) when changing the length of capillary tube. And the experimental data on capillary tube are obtained under different conditions such as (subcooling and ambient temperatures) on domestic refrigerator (9ft3 size), this data shows that (R-600a) a suitable substitute for (R134a) .The test presented a model for a steady state, two-phase flow in capillary tube for vapour compression system .The numerical model depends on conservation equations (mass, energy and momentum) as wall as the equation of state for refrigerant. The solution methodology was implemented by using finite difference techniques. The system results indicate that it is possible to change the refri

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