Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C viruses are the major health problem in the worldwide. In the Middle East, the prevalence of HBV in general population with the chronic infectionsis 2-5%,whereas the prevalence of HCV is about 1% in Arabian Gulf countries. World Health Organization (WHO) revealed that the risks of HBV and HCV transmissionas well as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) through the transfusion of contaminated blood and blood products is high, because of the fragility of health services in these countries. Several viral diseases are transportby different modes like bloodtransfusion, sexual contact, and unsafe injections. The mostcommon blood-transmitted viruses are hepatitis B virus(HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and humanimmunodeficiency virus (HIV);which cause fatal and chronic disorders. The prevalence ofthese viruses varies in Asia and developing countries depending on nationality, geography and lifestyle, sex, race, and educational levels. For all these previous causes, thisstudydesigned to know the seroprevalenceof HBV, HCV and human retroviruses(HIV-1, 2) among inpatients and outpatients of Balad General Hospital in Saladin governorate in Iraq. The study conducted in Balad General Hospital. Subjects with hepatitis C, B viruses, and HIV recorded from January2017 to December 2017. The age of patients ranged from 6 to 70 years; and the total number of tested serum samples was 32,942 serum samples. The highest percentage of HBVprevalence was in July by using ELISA technique (11.1%) for outpatients followed by 15.40% for outpatients in May by using anti-HBV strip.While the highest percentage of HCV prevalence was recorded in July by using ELISA technique (11.73%) for outpatients followed by 14.76% for outpatients in May by using anti-HCV strip. The percentage of patients infected with HBV in both sexes (females and males) was higher than the percentage of patients infected with HCV (1.80%vs.0.57%, respectively). Also, the present study indicated the seroprevalence of HBV (anti-HBV) was 38.27% for female and 41.02% for male with age range 21-30 years, and this significantly higher than in HCV which thepercentage of the seropositive cases were 37.03% in female and 39.13% in male with age range 41-50 years.Therewere no significant differences betweenthe seroprevalences of eachof anti-HCV Ab,anti-HBV Ab and HBsAg,and only 2 cases (0.03%) were seropositive for HIV-1, 2. Although, the HBV and HCV in Iraq are a major problem for the community and viral infectious diseases;the current study revealed that Iraq has a low prevalence for HBsAg, HBV, HCV and HIV.
Iraq enjoys many factors and ingredients that made it “affect and be affected at the same time” by the American-Iranian conflict from the “strategic geographical position” adjacent to Iran as an important point and that Iraq has been part of this conflict since the last period which witnessed the outbreak of the first Gulf War (1980-1988) because of border problems and a dispute over Shatt al-Arab, and what followed after that, specifically from 2003 when the United States of America and its allies occupied Iraq’s lands and made a political change by the destruction of its security and military institutions. It increased the importance of Iraq in being a subject of competition between the competing parties in exploiting the
... Show MoreThis research focus on studying 3 types of Bakhour in the markets of Baghdad city and assessing their impact on the quality of life for asthmatic whom used Bakhour at their houses through investigating particles physical properties, also estimating the levels of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn), Particulate Matter PM2.5, PM10, Total Volatile Organic Compounds (TVOC) and formaldehyde (HCHO). The quality of life for asthmatic patients whom use Bakhour was assessing by Mini Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire. The results indicated that shapes of Bakhour particles were irregular or spherical. Burning process generated the higher percent of PM ˂1μm. Type 2 Bakhour showed the highest percent of <1μm which was 73%.The amount of
... Show MoreThis study examined the phenomenon of unemployment in Iraq and the extent of the contribution of these loans granted by banks to finance small and medium enterprises in reducing their rates. The temporal boundaries of the study included the period between (2012-2018). The spatial boundaries consisted of random sampling of six Iraqi banks) Where the government banks included (Rafidain, Rasheed and industrial), private banks included (the Iraqi Islamic Bank and the Gulf Commercial Bank and the Bank of the Middle East). In order to achieve the objective of the research in the light of the hypotheses drawn up, the research divided into three topics, the first section highlighting the reality of small and medium enterprises in Iraq and the lo
... Show MoreThe problem of the study and its significance:
Due to the increasing pressures of life continually, and constant quest behind materialism necessary and frustrations that confront us daily in general, the greater the emergence of a number of cases of disease organic roots psychological causing them because of severity of a lack of response to conventional treatments (drugs), and this is creating in patients a number of emotional disorders resulting from concern the risk of disease
That is interested psychologists and doctors searchin
... Show MoreBackground: Joint hypermobility was first mentioned by Hippocrates as an isolated feature, when he described the Celts' Incapacity to Pull a Bowstring or Throw a Dart, Due to The Slackness of Their Limbs
Objective: to determine the prevalence of mitral valve prolapse(MVP)in patients with benign hypermobility syndrome (BJHS).
Type of the study: Cross –sectional study.
Methods: Ninety patients with BJHS were included in this study. Full cardiological assessment was done for all of them, which include clinical examination, electrocardiography and echocardiography. Cardiac assessment was done for another sixty age and sex matched (
... Show MoreFever is a common illness in the pediatric age group ,the causes could be viral ,bacterial and fungal , this study was focused on bacterial pathogens as gram positive like Staphylococci, coagulase positive or negative ,Streptococci and gram negative like E-coli , Klebsialla ,Proteus, Pseudomonas, Burkhoderia , Acinetobacter and others like Pusturella ,E-alkalescendiaper, Haemophillus influenza and yeast like candida . Four thousand and seventy eight blood samples (4078)were collected in a period between January 2011 and the end of May 2012 at the child welfare hospital ,all the samples were cultured on suitable culture media and then biochemical tests were done using API-E 20 and sugar fermentation tests ,sensitivity
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