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XGBOOST AND COST-SENSITIVE CART FOR IMBALANCED MULTICLASS DIABETES CLASSIFICATION IN IRAQ
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Diabetes imposes a substantial public health burden; according to the International Diabetes Federation, there were about 3.4 million diabetes related deaths worldwide in 2024, and in Iraq, the Federation reports that one in nine adults lives with diabetes in 2024, with 14,683 adult deaths attributable to diabetes and a total diabetes related health expenditure of 2,078 million United States dollars. The dataset analyzed in this study contains 1,000 records collected in 2020 from two Iraqi teaching hospitals and includes multiple clinical and laboratory measurements with three outcome classes, namely Non diabetic, Pre diabetic, and Diabetic, with a low prevalence of the Pre diabetic class and an imbalanced overall class distribution; the data are challenging because they contain many outliers, non homogeneous covariance matrices across classes, exact duplicate rows that were removed before modelling, and linear correlations among certain variables. The study objective was to train and evaluate models that discriminate among the three classes and yield accurate, well calibrated predictions for future cases in similar clinical settings, but the diagnostic properties of the data limited the applicability of classical discriminant functions; therefore two supervised learners were employed: Classification and Regression Trees (CART) and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), together with preprocessing that removed exact duplicate rows and excluded VLDL because it is algebraically derived from triglycerides in mmol per liter as VLDL equals triglycerides divided by 2.2, which would introduce redundancy and multicollinearity. On the heldout test set, XGBoost achieved higher Accuracy at 98.18 percent compared with 97.58 percent for CART and higher Balanced Accuracy at 93.84 percent compared with 88.16 percent for CART, indicating that XGBoost provided the strongest overall operating point for this three-class task while CART remains useful when simple and transparent rules are required.

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Publication Date
Wed Jan 30 2019
Journal Name
Journal Of The College Of Education For Women
Iraq and Rockffler Institution for Charity 1929 – 1944
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The thirties and the early forties and the at end of the World War II of the last century
witnessed several attempts carried out by the Public Health Directorate and by the Iraqi
Ministry of Foreign Affairs to persuade the Rockefeller Foundation to fund Iraq with its
health program which is carried out in several regions in the world to promote the health and
social situations since Iraq during that period in history was badly in need to such plans and
programs because of this lack of financial and technical possibilities necessary for the
advancement of health and social dire situation.
The details of these attempts are deposited in the documents of the diplomatic mail
records of the United States of America , an

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Publication Date
Thu Mar 30 2023
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
An Artificial Intelligence Algorithm to Optimize the Classification of the Hepatitis Type
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Hepatitis is one of the diseases that has become more developed in recent years in terms of the high number of infections. Hepatitis causes inflammation that destroys liver cells, and it occurs as a result of viruses, bacteria, blood transfusions, and others. There are five types of hepatitis viruses, which are (A, B, C, D, E) according to their severity. The disease varies by type. Accurate and early diagnosis is the best way to prevent disease, as it allows infected people to take preventive steps so that they do not transmit the difference to other people, and diagnosis using artificial intelligence gives an accurate and rapid diagnostic result. Where the analytical method of the data relied on the radial basis network to diagnose the

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Publication Date
Tue Jun 30 2015
Journal Name
Al-kindy College Medical Journal
Evidence Based Updating of HbA1c Targets: Global Guidelines forGlycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
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Background:Measurement of hemoglobin A1c (A1C) is a renowned tactic for gauging long-term glycemic control, and exemplifies an outstanding influence to the quality of care in diabetic patients.The concept of targets is open to criticism; they may be unattainable, or limit what could be attained, and in addition they may be economically difficult to attain. However, without some form of targeted control of an asymptomatic condition it becomes difficult to promote care at allObjectives: The present article aims to address the most recent evidence-based global guidelines of A1C targets intended for glycemic control in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2D).Key messages:Rationale for Treatment Targets of A1C includesevidence for microvascular and ma

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Publication Date
Wed Aug 17 2022
Journal Name
Aip Conference Proceedings
The effect of using Gaussian, Kurtosis and LogCosh as kernels in ICA on the satellite classification accuracy
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This study focusses on the effect of using ICA transform on the classification accuracy of satellite images using the maximum likelihood classifier. The study area represents an agricultural area north of the capital Baghdad - Iraq, as it was captured by the Landsat 8 satellite on 12 January 2021, where the bands of the OLI sensor were used. A field visit was made to a variety of classes that represent the landcover of the study area and the geographical location of these classes was recorded. Gaussian, Kurtosis, and LogCosh kernels were used to perform the ICA transform of the OLI Landsat 8 image. Different training sets were made for each of the ICA and Landsat 8 images separately that used in the classification phase, and used to calcula

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Publication Date
Sat Sep 30 2023
Journal Name
Journal Of Accounting And Financial Studies ( Jafs )
Measuring the cost of consulting services under the traditional cost approach and the performance-based costing technique and its impact on achieving profits : Applied research in the advisory office of Al-Khwarizmi College of Engineering - University of Baghdad
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Abstract:

                    This research aims to apply the Performance Focused Activity Based Costing System in the consultant office of Al-Khwarizmi College of Engineering at the University of Technology for the purpose of measuring the cost of consulting services provided by these offices in order to reduce costs and their reflection in achieving profits. For the purpose of calculating costs accurately, and to test the hypothesis of the research, the research was applied in the office of the consultant of the College of Engineering Al-Khwarizm - University of Baghdad through the financial statement

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Publication Date
Sat Jan 01 2022
Journal Name
Open Engineering
Producing low-cost self-consolidation concrete using sustainable material
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Abstract<p>The disposal of the waste material is the main goal of this investigation by transformation to high-fineness powder and producing self-consolidation concrete (SCC) with less cost and more eco-friendly by reducing the cement weight, taking into consideration the fresh and strength properties. The reference mix design was prepared by adopting the European guide. Five waste materials (clay brick, ceramic, granite tiles, marble tiles, and thermostone blocks) were converted to high-fine particle size distribution and then used as 5, 10, and 15% weight replacements of cement. The improvement in strength properties is more significant when using clay bricks compared to other activated waste </p> ... Show More
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Publication Date
Sun Apr 01 2018
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
The influence of human resources Accounting on cost reduction
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The development of human resources training programs has an applied and important role in the preparation of human cadresin terms of capacity to absorb technical sciences and skills and scientific and practical practices at faster rates in order to bealighed with continous development. Hence the recognition of the significant role that human resources play in the economy of any country,which has stressed the interest towards the economic unity of the qualified staff that it needsin atimely manner through the ongoing training process in the era of high technology day by  day  In this regard ,the current research deal with accounting of human resources and its impact on reducing costs in the military establishment and the

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Crossref
Publication Date
Tue Sep 01 2009
Journal Name
Al-khwarizmi Engineering Journal
Low Cost Heart Rate Monitor Using Led-Led Sensor
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A high sensitivity, low power and low cost sensor has been developed for photoplethysmography (PPG) measurement. The PPG principle was applied to follow the dilatation and contraction of skin blood vessels during the cardiac cycle. A standard light emitting diodes (LEDs) has been used as a light emitter and detector, and in order to reduce the space, cost and power, the classical analogue-to-digital converters (ADCs) replaced by the pulse-based signal conversion techniques. A general purpose microcontroller has been used for the implementation of measurement protocol. The proposed approach leads to better spectral sensitivity, increased resolution, reduction in cost, dimensions and power consumption. The basic sensing configuration prese

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Publication Date
Sat Jan 01 2022
Journal Name
Open Engineering
Producing low-cost self-consolidation concrete using sustainable material
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Abstract<p>The disposal of the waste material is the main goal of this investigation by transformation to high-fineness powder and producing self-consolidation concrete (SCC) with less cost and more eco-friendly by reducing the cement weight, taking into consideration the fresh and strength properties. The reference mix design was prepared by adopting the European guide. Five waste materials (clay brick, ceramic, granite tiles, marble tiles, and thermostone blocks) were converted to high-fine particle size distribution and then used as 5, 10, and 15% weight replacements of cement. The improvement in strength properties is more significant when using clay bricks compared to other activated waste </p> ... Show More
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Publication Date
Wed Apr 05 2023
Journal Name
Journal Of Engineering
Construction Time-Cost Optimization Modeling Using Ant Colony Optimization
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In the field of construction project management, time and cost are the most important factors to be considered in planning every project, and their relationship is complex. The total cost for each project is the sum of the direct and indirect cost. Direct cost commonly represents labor, materials, equipment, etc.
Indirect cost generally represents overhead cost such as supervision, administration, consultants, and interests. Direct cost grows at an increasing rate as the project time is reduced from its original planned time. However, indirect cost continues for the life of the project and any reduction in project time means a reduction in indirect cost. Therefore, there is a trade-off between the time and cost for completing construc

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