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Assessment of using different ozone-friendly R22 alternative refrigerants in residential air conditioners in a high-ambient temperature country
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Abstract<p>The performance of a vapor compression refrigeration system (VCRS)-based residential air conditioner operating in a high-ambient temperature (HAT) country was investigated using six zero-ODP (ozone depletion potential) refrigerants as replacements to R22. The non-flammable alternative refrigerants considered in the present research were R134a, R404A, R407C, R410A, R448A, and R507A. Using the basic conservation laws, the VCRS was modeled during steady-state operation and solved using engineering equation solver (EES) software. Coefficient of performance (COP), pressures and temperatures at compressor suction and discharge, Global Warming Potential (GWP), critical pressure and temperature, compressor pressure ratio, volumetric cooling capacity (VCC) specific cooling capacity (SCC), and refrigeration effect were utilized as assessment criteria for the alternative refrigerants considered. From these refrigerants, the highest values of suction pressure, discharge temperature, and condenser pressure were attained by R410A. In addition, the discharge temperatures for all refrigerants, except R134a, were all higher than their corresponding critical values, causing a quicker drop in the VCRS’s performance. As an alternative refrigerant, R407C showed the highest SCC of 141.0 kJ/kg followed directly by 139.2 and 138.0 kJ/kg for R410A and R448A, respectively. A reverse trend was found for VCC with respective values of 4722 and 3775 kJ/m<sup>3</sup> for R410A and R448A. Lower volume flow rates and smaller-sized compressors are expected for higher VCC refrigerants. The same trend was found for the compressor’s specific work input and condenser’s specific heat transfer with values of (51.14, 46.82, and 45.38 kJ/kg) and (190.3, 187.8, and 183.4 kJ/kg) for R410A, R407C, and R448A, respectively. For applications in HAT countries, larger condenser’s specific heat transfer makes the refrigerant more applicable. Conversely, with respect to COP, refrigerant R134a with a value of 3.075 was the superior alternative followed by R448A and R407C with respective COPs of 3.042 and 3.011. Based on the overall assessment in terms of environmental obligation, COP, compressor input power, refrigerant flow rate required, and all the evaluations made in this research, refrigerant R448A was recommended as the most appropriate substitute to R22 which can effectively be used in residential air conditioners in a HAT country.</p>
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Publication Date
Wed Feb 06 2013
Journal Name
Eng. & Tech. Journal
A proposal to detect computer worms (malicious codes) using data mining classification algorithms
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Malicious software (malware) performs a malicious function that compromising a computer system’s security. Many methods have been developed to improve the security of the computer system resources, among them the use of firewall, encryption, and Intrusion Detection System (IDS). IDS can detect newly unrecognized attack attempt and raising an early alarm to inform the system about this suspicious intrusion attempt. This paper proposed a hybrid IDS for detection intrusion, especially malware, with considering network packet and host features. The hybrid IDS designed using Data Mining (DM) classification methods that for its ability to detect new, previously unseen intrusions accurately and automatically. It uses both anomaly and misuse dete

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Publication Date
Mon Aug 29 2022
Journal Name
Eurasian Chem. Commun.
Removing some alizarin dyes from an aqueous solution using a polyacrylic acid hydrogel
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The present work utilizes polyacrylic acid beads (PAA) to remove Alizarin yellow R (AYR)] and Alizarin Red S (ARS) from its solution. The isotherms of adsorption were investigated and the factors that impact them, such as temperature, ionic strength effect, shaking effect, and wet PAA. The isotherms of adsorption of (ARS) were found obeys the Freundlich equation. The isotherms of adsorption of (AYR) were found obeys the Langmuir equation. At various temperatures, the adsorption process on (PAA) was investigated. According to our data, there is a positive correlation between the (ARS and AYR) adsorption on the PAA and temperature (Endothermic process). The computation of the thermodynamic functions (ΔH, ΔG, and ΔS) is based on the foregoi

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Publication Date
Thu Jan 31 2019
Journal Name
International Journal Of Ambient Energy
Energy generation by membraneless microfluidic fuel cell using acidic wastewater as a fuel
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A simple and novel membraneless paper-based microfluidic fuel cell was presented in this study. The occurrence of laminar flow was employed to ensure no mixing of the fuel and oxidant fluids along the bath of reaction. The acidic wastewater was used as a fuel. It was an air-breathing cell, so air and tab water were used as oxidants. Both the fuel and tab water flowed continuously under gravity. Whatman filter paper was used for preparation of the fuel cell channel and two carbon fibre electrodes were used and firmed on the edges of the cell. The performance of the cell was examined over three consecutive days. The results indicated that the present cell has the potential to generate electric power, but an extensive study is required to harv

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Publication Date
Fri Jan 01 2016
Journal Name
Machine Learning And Data Mining In Pattern Recognition
A New Strategy for Case-Based Reasoning Retrieval Using Classification Based on Association
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Publication Date
Fri Nov 21 2025
Journal Name
Journal Of Advances In Information Technology
Towards Accurate SDG Research Categorization: A Hybrid Deep Learning Approach Using Scopus Metadata
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The complexity and variety of language included in policy and academic documents make the automatic classification of research papers based on the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) somewhat difficult. Using both pre-trained and contextual word embeddings to increase semantic understanding, this study presents a complete deep learning pipeline combining Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architectures which aims primarily to improve the comprehensibility and accuracy of SDG text classification, thereby enabling more effective policy monitoring and research evaluation. Successful document representation via Global Vector (GloVe), Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Tra

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Publication Date
Wed Dec 23 2020
Journal Name
2020 International Conference On Advanced Science And Engineering (icoase)
A Comparative Study Using LZW with Wavelet or DCT for Compressing Color Images
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As a result of the significance of image compression in reducing the volume of data, the requirement for this compression permanently necessary; therefore, will be transferred more quickly using the communication channels and kept in less space in memory. In this study, an efficient compression system is suggested; it depends on using transform coding (Discrete Cosine Transform or bi-orthogonal (tap-9/7) wavelet transform) and LZW compression technique. The suggested scheme was applied to color and gray models then the transform coding is applied to decompose each color and gray sub-band individually. The quantization process is performed followed by LZW coding to compress the images. The suggested system was applied on a set of seven stand

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Publication Date
Mon Sep 01 2014
Journal Name
Al-khwarizmi Engineering Journal
Trajectory Tracking Control for a Wheeled Mobile Robot Using Fractional Order PIaDb Controller
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Nowadays, Wheeled Mobile Robots (WMRs) have found many applications as industry, transportation, inspection, and other fields. Therefore, the trajectory tracking control of the nonholonomic wheeled mobile robots have an important problem. This work focus on the application of model-based on Fractional Order  PIaDb (FOPID) controller for trajectory tracking problem. The control algorithm based on the errors in postures of mobile robot which feed to FOPID controller to generate correction signals that transport to  torque for each driven wheel, and by means of dynamics model of mobile robot these torques used to compute the linear and angular speed to reach the desired pose. In this work a dynamics model of

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Publication Date
Mon Jan 01 2024
Journal Name
Journal Of Industrial And Engineering Chemistry
Petroleum refinery wastewater treatment using a novel combined electro-Fenton and photocatalytic process
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Publication Date
Thu Jan 11 2018
Journal Name
Al-khwarizmi Engineering Journal
Control on a 2-D Wing Flutter Using an Adaptive Nonlinear Neural Controller
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An adaptive nonlinear neural controller to reduce the nonlinear flutter in 2-D wing is proposed in the paper. The nonlinearities in the system come from the quasi steady aerodynamic model and torsional spring in pitch direction. Time domain simulations are used to examine the dynamic aero elastic instabilities of the system (e.g. the onset of flutter and limit cycle oscillation, LCO). The structure of the controller consists of two models :the modified Elman neural network (MENN) and the feed forward multi-layer Perceptron (MLP). The MENN model is trained with off-line and on-line stages to guarantee that the outputs of the model accurately represent the plunge and pitch motion of the wing and this neural model acts as the identifier. Th

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Publication Date
Sun Jul 05 2026
Journal Name
Al–bahith Al–a'alami
EMPLOYING TWITTER IN THE U.S. PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION CAMPAIGN IN 2016: U.S. PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE DONALD TRUMP’S TWEETS AS A “MODEL”: (A Research Drawn from a Master’s Thesis) (An Analytical Study)
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This study aimed to identify the employment of the social networking platform «Twitter» in the 2016 presidential campaign led by the Republican candidate, Donald Trump; and analyse his tweets through his personal account on «Twitter»  for the period from: 10/ 8/2016 to: 11/ 8/2016 which represents the last month of the election campaign.

The study belongs to the type of descriptive studies using the analytical method through an analysis index that includes sub-categories and other secondary categories. The research has adopted the ordinary unit of information material (tweet) as an analysis unit for this purpose.

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