Sustainable energy has become a critical focus due to the environmental and economic limitations of traditional fossil fuels. One of the most prominent applications in this field is electric vehicles (EVs), which rely on high-voltage DC battery packs (typically 400V or 800V) as their primary energy source. These batteries supply power to AC motors via inverters that convert direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC). Additionally, EVs incorporate DC-DC converter systems to step down the high-voltage DC for auxiliary systems such as infotainment units, control modules, and lighting. The step-down DC-DC converter is composed of various components, including switches (such as MOSFETs or IGBTs) and diodes. These components are subj

The analysis of rigid pavements is a complex mission for many reasons. First, the loading conditions include the repetition of parts of the applied loads (cyclic loads), which produce fatigue in the pavement materials. Additionally, the climatic conditions reveal an important role in the performance of the pavement since the expansion or contraction induced by temperature differences may significantly change the supporting conditions of the pavement. There is an extra difficulty because the pavement structure is made of completely different materials, such as concrete, steel, and soil, with problems related to their interfaces like contact or friction. Because of the problem's difficulty, the finite element simulation is

the first part of the research involves investigate the aspect of the radiation superposed on the one bright soliton pulse propagated on ideal single mode

This work presents a novel technique for the detection of oil aging in electrical transformers using a single mode optical fiber sensor based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR). The aging of insulating oil is a critical issue in the maintenance and performance of electrical transformers, as it can lead to reduce insulation properties, increase risk of electrical breakdown, and decrease operational lifespan. Many parameters are calculated in this study in order to examine the efficiency of this sensor like sensitivity (S), signal to noise ratio (SNR), resolution (refractive index unit) and figure of merit (FOM) and the values are for figure of merit is 11.05, the signal to noise ratio is 20.3, the sensitivity is 6.63, and the resolution is 3

In this work, plasma parameters such as, the electron temperature )Te(, electron density ne, plasma frequency )fp(, Debye length )λD(
and Debye number )ND), have been studied using optical emission spectroscopy technique. The spectrum of plasma with different values of energy, Pb doped CuO at different percentage (X=0.6, 0.7, 0.8) were recorded. The spectroscopic study for these mixing under vacuum with pressure down to P=2.5×10-2 mbar. The results of electron temperature for X=0.6 range (1.072-1.166) eV, for X=0.7 the Te range (1.024-0.855) eV and X=0.8 the Te is (1.033-0.921) eV. Optical properties of CuO:Pb thin films were determined through the optical transmission method using ultraviolet visible spectrophotometer within the ra

 In this work, plasma parameters such as (electron temperature (Te), electron density (ne), plasma frequency (fp) and Debye length (λD)) were studied using spectral analysis techniques. The spectrum of the plasma was recorded with different energy values, SnO2 and ZnO anesthetized at a different ratio (X = 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6) were recorded. Spectral study of this mixing in the air. The results showed electron density and electron temperature increase in zinc oxide: tin oxide alloy targets. It was located  that  The intensity of the lines increases in different laser peak powers when the laser peak power increases and then decreases when the force continues to increase.