: تفرض مرحلة إعادة بناء الدولة أو مرحلة بناء الدولة حالتين متقاربتين، لكن تختلف تجربة كل منهما عن األخرى، ففي الحالة األولى نعني بها أن دولة ما متكاملة المقومات سواء القانونية أو السياسية أو االقتصادية، وتمتلك هذه الدولة الشرعية القانونية واالعتراف الدولي، لكن تتعرض هذه الدولة لألزمة سواء كانت ثورة أو انقالب أو احتالل، وإلى السقوط ونهاية نظامها السياسي القانوني ومن ثم إعادة بناء الدولة ومنظومتها السياسية..

تنشر الولايات المتحدة قوات في جميع دول القارة الافريقية بهدف السيطرة الكاملة عليها وتحقيق اهدافها ومصالحها

تنشر الدولة الفرنسية قواتها العسكرية في جميع دول القارة الافريقية بهدف السيطرة عليها وتحقيق مصالحها الشخصية

Abstract
This research shows the history of political conflicts in Zimbabwe, the
merits of the political struggle for power in this country since the British
colonial period, especially after the British administration announced that
Zimbabwe is a local colony of the British Crown in 1923, as the settlement
process against the wide white deprive local people to own and lease land
and low income, as well as the 1961 Constitution, which granted access to
the white powers in accordance with the authority of the top menu for the
existing lower allocated to blacks.
These events and factors led to a national rejection in Zimbabwe,
which crystallized in the form of parties and political organizations through the

العراق والوكالة الدولية للطاقة الذرية 1990-2003

The nation-building process in fragile states is complex, often involving multifaceted challenges and opportunities. A pertinent example is Iraq post-2003, which serves as a model to study the intricacies of rebuilding a nation in the aftermath of conflict. During this period, we witnessed a significant international intervention aimed at establishing democratic governance, fostering economic development, and restoring social stability. Iraq’s nation-building journey showcases both successes and shortcomings. Establishing a representative government marked a step towards inclusivity and political participation, yet sectarian tensions persisted, hindering cohesive national identity. Economic initiatives aimed to harness Iraq's oil resou

Since the end of World War II, the United States of America began to look at the Gulf States and Iraq due to the possession of huge quantities of oil, after taking the American oil depletion in order to tighten control over the oil of these countries, has pursued various means, political and military, in the framework of its strategy So that it could achieve this control, which focused on control of production and prices, for the conviction that those who control oil impose control over the political decision of the countries of the world.

       The article analyzes the neologisms that arose in the Iraqi dialect after the 2003 US-British invasion and the fall of Saddam Hussein's regime, according to the theory I advocate: "The Basic Outline of Reference," a developed theory of Arab legacy and cognitive theory, which came out in 1987 in America, so we have used the terminology of cognitive grammar. In this theory it is stated that the reference is the interaction between four components: perception, imagination, imaginative comprehension and the linguistic sign or symbolization (the neological word in this article), which are closely related, so that none of them can be lacking, because they constitute a holistic whole that belongs to a deeper level. Let us

    Community peace is achieved in law-based states Constitutional institutions with competence and powers, and otherwise that peace is shaken and begins to collapse. The movement of individuals and groups in the State is regulated by law The law and its proper application without selectivity or exception, and then the sense of equal opportunity and equal rights grows every citizen looks at his spouse, what he has, and when he is unbalanced, a sense of frustration and stealing of rights is generated Societal peace suffers from the shocks of instability and what is reflected in the surrounding environment. Instead of production, demolition takes place, which impedes the achievement of the required peace.  

تعدُّ القارة الإفريقية ذات موقع جيوسياسي إذ إنه يربط دول العالم بعضها ببعض، وأنّها تحتوي على ثلث الاحتياط النفطي المؤكد العالمي واليوريانيوم والمعادن الأخرى مما جعلها ذات أهمية للدول العظمى، وأنّها غير مستقرة سياسياً إذ تكثر بها النزعات والهجمات الإرهابية مما جعل الدول العظمى تتسابق لوقف المشاكل، ومن أهم هذه الدول العظمى هي فرنسا التي تحتفظ بنفوذها السبق أي الاستعماري في القارة وأنّها لا تتنازل عنه لأي دو