This study investigated a novel application of forward osmosis (FO) for oilfield produced water treatment from the East Baghdad oilfield affiliated to the Midland Oil Company (Iraq). FO is a part of a zero liquid discharge system that consists of oil skimming, coagulation/flocculation, forward osmosis, and crystallization. Treatment of oilfield produced water requires systems that use a sustainable driving force to treat high-ionic-strength wastewater and have the ability to separate a wide range of contaminants. The laboratory-scale system was used to evaluate the performance of a cellulose triacetate hollow fiber CTA-HF membrane for the FO process. In this work, sodium chloride solution was used as a feed solution (FS) with a concentration of 76 g/L, while the draw solution (DS) was magnesium chloride solution, and the applied external pressure on the feed solution side was 2 bar. The impact of batch mode with a constant DS concentration (or continuous mode) and batch mode with dilution draw solution concentration (240, 300, and 400 g/L) on the FO performance for oilfield produced water treatment were investigated on normalized flux, recovery, feed solution concentration, reverse salt flux, and rejection. The recovery and feed solution concentration increased with increasing draw solution concentration and time. While the normalized flux increased with increasing the draw solution concentration and decreased with time. The reverse salt flux of Mg2+ and the rejection of Na+ decreased with time. The produced water feed solution was concentrated to 220 g/L at DS concentration of 400 g/L MgCl2 in batch mode with a constant DS concentration after 16.5 h at which the recovery was 65.67%. The reverse salt flux of Mg2+ was 0.06 g/m2 h after 10 h, at which the rejection of Na+ reaches 99.84%.
The posterior regions of the jaws usually represent a significant risk for implant surgery. A non-valid assessment of the available bone height may lead to either perforation of the maxillary sinus floor or encroachment of the inferior alveolar nerve and consequently to implant failure. This study aimed to evaluate the reliability of surgeon’s decision in appraising the appropriate implant length, in respect to vital anatomical structures, using panoramic radiographs.
Only implants that are inserted in relation to the maxillary sinus (MS) or the mandibular canal (MC) were enrolled
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Some research reports that cognitive grammar (CG) theory has good contributions to teaching English as a foreign language. In this research, the researchers seek to apply this theory and its principles when teaching the simple present tense to Iraqi students who face difficulties in differentiating between the multiple usages of this tense. To achieve this objective, the researchers have conducted an experimental study on a group of 60 Iraqi students in the University of Baghdad, College of Education for Women. Langacker’s (2003) theory has been adopted in the analysis of the cognitive relations to understand the common and different connections of these usages of the simple present. The study has concluded that the cognitive grammar t
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The research has designed for studying the relationship between manufacturing strategy and its flexibility under the flexible manufacturing system with their reflection on the competitive environmental performance of the firm. To interpret and tackle the problem, a hypothesis has formulated stating that “ the competitive performance of a firm is interpreted by the manufacturing strategy and flexibility which are derived from the firm and its business strategies under the flexible manufacturing system”. Related literatures with their theoretical dissertations, which enhanced the thoughtful content, have analyzed. An illustrative case study on the flexible manufacturing system at Toyota Motors Corporation working at the g
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This experiment was conducted in the orchard of the Department of Horticulture,college of Agriculture,Baghdad University during the growing season of 2007 To study the effects of spray with three concentration of cultar(0,500,1000 mg.L-1) ,tow concentration of K2SO4(0,5g.L-1), and salinity of irrigation water with three concentration (1,2,3dS.m-1) on some characteristics of vegetative growth of two cultivars of apricot trees (Labib1 and Zienni).The age of trees was four years .The tree grafted on original of seed apricot . Afactorial trail was carry out according to randomized complete block design with arrangement of split-split with three replications. Salinity of irrigation water took main plot, potassium took sub plot and cultar took s
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The sediments of the Hartha Formation were deposited during the Upper Campanian- Maastrichtian cycle. Due to the importance of this sequence in terms of stratification and economics in the oil industry, it has been focused on in this study. The present study includes three oil fields in central of Iraq within the Mesopotaminan Zone, East Baghdad, Balad and Kifl oil fields. This study was accomplished by describing 190 thin sections and interpreting the response of the available well logging data. Seven major microfacies were diagnosed in the Hartha succession at studied oil fields, they are; Orbitoidal wackestone - packstone, Orbitoidal and miliolids wackestone, Rotaliidae and Siderolites with echinodermata wackestone - packstone,
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