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Valorization of Lignin-Rich Meranti (Shorea sp.) Sawdust into Cellulose Nanocrystals via APS Pretreatment: A Severity Map and Operating Window
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Developing routes to produce cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) from high-lignin wood residues is essential for expanding sustainable nanocellulose feedstocks. In this work, Meranti (Shorea sp.) sawdust was valorized into CNCs by integrating ammonium persulfate (APS) pretreatment with subsequent sulfuric acid hydrolysis. To establish a severity map and define an operating window, APS pretreatment severity was systematically varied by adjusting APS concentration and the sawdust-to-APS (solid-to-liquid) ratio, and its influence on CNC structural properties was evaluated. APS pretreatment partially disrupted and oxidized the lignocellulosic matrix, enabling acid hydrolysis to liberate crystalline cellulose domains. XRD analysis confirmed the preservation of the cellulose I crystalline structure, with a maximum crystallinity index of 72% at 2 M APS and a sawdust-to-APS ratio of 1:30 (w/v), and an average crystallite size of approximately 10 nm estimated using the Scherrer equation. SEM and TEM analyses revealed rod-like CNCs with smooth surfaces and relatively homogeneous dimensions. The optimized samples exhibited CNC lengths of 188.71 ± 5.01 nm and widths of 26.79 ± 1.72 nm. These results demonstrate that Meranti sawdust, a high-lignin wood residue, can be converted into structurally well-defined CNCs using a two-step APS/acid process without prior alkaline pulping or bleaching. This study clarifies the role of APS oxidation in enabling CNC production from feedstocks with lignin contents above 20% and provides a basis for valorizing Meranti sawdust as a renewable precursor for CNCs in advanced material applications.

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Publication Date
Thu Aug 15 2019
Journal Name
Arab World English Journal For Translation And Literary Studies
Silence as a Tactic of Communication in Pragmatics, Novel, and Poetry
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Publication Date
Sat Oct 01 2022
Journal Name
Alexandria Engineering Journal
A review of free piston engine control literature—Taxonomy and techniques
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Publication Date
Thu Dec 05 2013
Journal Name
Robotica
Modeling, stability and walking pattern generators of biped robots: a review
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SUMMARY<p>Biped robots have gained much attention for decades. A variety of researches have been conducted to make them able to assist or even substitute for humans in performing special tasks. In addition, studying biped robots is important in order to understand human locomotion and to develop and improve control strategies for prosthetic and orthotic limbs. This paper discusses the main challenges encountered in the design of biped robots, such as modeling, stability and their walking patterns. The subject is difficult to deal with because the biped mechanism intervenes with mechanics, control, electronics and artificial intelligence. In this paper, we collect and introduce a systematic discussion of modelin</p> ... Show More
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Publication Date
Sat Jan 01 2022
Journal Name
Lecture Notes In Electrical Engineering
Dynamics Modeling and Motion Simulation of a Segway Robotic Transportation System
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Publication Date
Tue May 24 2022
Journal Name
Analytical Science& Technology
A Review: Synthesis and characterization of metals complexes with paracetamol drug
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In this review, previous studies on the synthesis and characterization of the metal Complexes with paracetamol by elemental analysis, thermal analysis, (IR, NMR and UV-Vis (spectroscopy and conductivity. In reviewing these studies, the authors found that paracetamol can be coordinated through the pair of electrons on the hydroxyl O-atom, carbonyl O-atom, and N-atom of the amide group. If the paracetamol was a monodentate ligand, it will be coordinated by one of the following atoms O-hydroxyl, O-carbonyl or N-amide. But if the paracetamol was bidentate, it is coordinated by atoms (O-carbonyl and N-amide), (O-hydroxyl and N-amide) or (O-carbonyl and O-hydroxyl). The authors also found that free paracetamol and its complexes have antimicrobial

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Publication Date
Fri Dec 12 2025
Journal Name
Journal Of University Of Babylon
A Comparative Anatomical and Histological Analysis of some Iraqi Birds' Liver
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Publication Date
Tue Aug 20 2024
Journal Name
مجلة جامعة ذي قار لعلوم التربية البدنية
A historical approach to the games of futsal and blind football
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Futsal and blind football are group games of a competitive nature due to their excitement, excitement, fun, and aesthetic goals with charming artistic touches. This explains the public's passion for these two games, whether healthy people or blind people play them, to expand their vision and knowledge. About these two games, a historical approach is presented about their origins, development, and how they became globally recognized competitive sports with unified rules and world championships at various levels. Studying the origin and global spread of both futsal and blind football and identifying the most prominent developments in the rules and tools for futsal and blind football. The most important findings were that both futsal and footb

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Publication Date
Wed Jan 19 2022
Journal Name
Asian Journal Of Water, Environment And Pollution
Air Pollution: A Study of Its Concept, Causes, Sources and Effects
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Air pollution is very important topic for those interested in studying the environment because of its importance and the damage caused by it to human, animal and plant life. This research addresses the concept of air pollution, its causes, and its danger, and sheds light on the influence of climate elements on environmental pollution and the effect of temperature, rain, humidity, wind direction and speed, and atmospheric pressure on the increase or decrease of air pollution. This research discusses the sources of air pollution, including natural ones, including dust, smoke resulting from fires, erupting volcanoes, and others, including those resulting from human uses such as the use of fuel and others. The research addressed the dam

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Publication Date
Sat Oct 10 2026
Journal Name
Al–bahith Al–a'alami
Organizational reputation: A descriptive study of concept development and measurement techniques
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The study aimed to monitor the concept of reputation in the previous literature, its relationship to mental image and identity, and to reveal recent trends in its measurement Techniques.

    The study relied on a descriptive approach using library survey and comparative analysis, and the study reached following conclusions:

     Despite the beginning of the first signs of reputation In the fifties of the last century, however, Defining and standardizing the concept with clear and specific dimensions began in the 1990s and the beginning of the third millennium. The concept of reputation refers to the stakeholders’ overall evaluation of organizations, which reflects their perceptions of

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Publication Date
Thu Sep 15 2022
Journal Name
Bionatura
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: A retrospective study of clinical and pathological features
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Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), is one of the myeloproliferative disorders with a characteristic cytogenetic abnormality resulting in the BCR-ABL fusion gene. Imatinib Mesylate is an effective agent for treating patients in all stages of CML. According to the annual Iraqi cancer registry 2019, the total number of chronic myeloproliferative disorders was 338. The percentage and incidence rates were 0.94% and 0.86%, respectively, with a higher incidence rate in males than females (1.12 in males and 0.60 in females). In this registry, no details about CML, so this study aimed to estimate the number of CML patients who attended the national center of hematology from 2005 until 2020 and investigate their epidemiological and clinic-pathol

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