The influx of data in bioinformatics is primarily in the form of DNA, RNA, and protein sequences. This condition places a significant burden on scientists and computers. Some genomics studies depend on clustering techniques to group similarly expressed genes into one cluster. Clustering is a type of unsupervised learning that can be used to divide unknown cluster data into clusters. The k-means and fuzzy c-means (FCM) algorithms are examples of algorithms that can be used for clustering. Consequently, clustering is a common approach that divides an input space into several homogeneous zones; it can be achieved using a variety of algorithms. This study used three models to cluster a brain tumor dataset. The first model uses FCM, which is used to cluster genes. FCM allows an object to belong to two or more clusters with a membership grade between zero and one and the sum of belonging to all clusters of each gene is equal to one. This paradigm is useful when dealing with microarray data. The total time required to implement the first model is 22.2589 s. The second model combines FCM and particle swarm optimization (PSO) to obtain better results. The hybrid algorithm, i.e., FCM–PSO, uses the DB index as objective function. The experimental results show that the proposed hybrid FCM–PSO method is effective. The total time of implementation of this model is 89.6087 s. The third model combines FCM with a genetic algorithm (GA) to obtain better results. This hybrid algorithm also uses the DB index as objective function. The experimental results show that the proposed hybrid FCM–GA method is effective. Its total time of implementation is 50.8021 s. In addition, this study uses cluster validity indexes to determine the best partitioning for the underlying data. Internal validity indexes include the Jaccard, Davies Bouldin, Dunn, Xie–Beni, and silhouette. Meanwhile, external validity indexes include Minkowski, adjusted Rand, and percentage of correctly categorized pairings. Experiments conducted on brain tumor gene expression data demonstrate that the techniques used in this study outperform traditional models in terms of stability and biological significance.
Background: Abdominoplasty is one of the commonest surgical procedures that performed for those patients who had skin laxity, strive and muscle rectur diastasis. Combined using of liposuction and abdominoplasty it can give better result than traditional abdominoplasty with fear complications. Patient and Method: A total number of 25 female patients with age ranging between 27-55 years were underwent lipoabdominoplasty. With extensive liposuction of abdominal wall and selective undermining together with muscle plication. All of our patients had body mass index more than 30. Patients satisfaction and complication were documented postoperatively. Result: All of our patients had no Major complications and the postoperative period passed unevent
... Show MoreThe aim of this work is to evaluate the onc-electron expectation values < r > from the radial electronic density funetion D(r) for different wave ?'unctions for the 2s state of Li atom. The wave functions used were published in 1963,174? and 1993 , respectavily. Using " " ' wave function as a Slater determinant has used the positioning technique for the analysis open shell system of Li (Is2 2s) State.
In this modern Internet era and the transition to IPv6, routing protocols must adjust to assist this transformation. RIPng, EIGRPv6 and OSPFv3 are the dominant IPv6 IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocols). Selecting the best routing protocol among the available is a critical task, which depends upon the network requirement and performance parameters of different real time applications. The primary motivation of this paper is to estimate the performance of these protocols in real time applications. The evaluation is based on a number of criteria including: network convergence duration, Http Page Response Time, DB Query Response Time, IPv6 traffic dropped, video packet delay variation and video packet end to end de
... Show MoreTwo compounds,[2-amino-4-(4-nitro phenyl) 1,3-thiazole],(4) and [2-amino-4-(4-bromo phenyl) 1,3-thiazole],(5), were synthesized by refluxing thiourea (1) with each of para-ntiro and para-bomophanacyl bromides(2) and (3) respectively, in absolute methanol. Then, by reaction of [5] with 3,5-dinitrobenzoyl chloride in dimethylformamide (DMF) yielded (6) .On the other hand, reaction of (4) with chloroacetyl chloride in dry benzene afforded (7), which is upon treatment with thiourea in absolute methanol, af
... Show MoreThe migration from IPv4 to IPv6 can not be achieved in a brief period, thus both protocols co-exist at certain years. IETF Next Generation Transition Working Group (NGtrans) developed IPv4/IPv6 transition mechanisms. Since Iraq infrastructure, including universities, companies and institutions still use IPv4 protocol only. This research article tries to highlight, discuss a required transition roadmap and extend the local knowledge and practice on IPv6. Also, it introduces a prototype model using Packet tracer (network simulator) deployed for the design and implementation of IPv6 migration. Finally, it compares and evaluates the performance of IPv6, IPv4 and dual stack using OPNET based on QoS metrics such as throughput, delay and point to
... Show MoreReliability is an essential measure and important component of all power system planning and operation procedures. It is one of the key design factors when designing complex, critical and expensive systems. This paper presents a fuzzy logic approach for reliability improvement planning purposes. Evaluating the reliability of the complex and large planned Iraqi super grid ;as Al- Khairat generating station with its tie set is intended to be compact to that grid; and determination of the given reliability improvement project are the major goals of the paper. Results show that the Iraqi super grid reliability is improved by 9.64%. In the proposed technique, fuzzy set theory is used to include imprecise indices of different components in normal
... Show MoreIn this research, the region in the south-west of Iraq is classified using a fuzzy inference system to estimate its desertification degree. Three land cover indices are used which are the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, Normalized Multi-Band Drought Index and the top of atmosphere surface temperature to build a fuzzy decision about the desertification degree using eight decision roles. The study covers a temporal period of 38 years, where about every 10 years a sample is elected to verify the desertification status of the region, starting from 1990 to 2018. The results show that the desertification status varied every 10 years, wherein 2000 encountered the highest desertification in the south-west of Iraq.
In this paper, the Active Suspension System (ASS) of road vehicles was investigated. In addition to the conventional stiffness and damper, the proposed ASS includes a fuzzy controller, a hydraulic actuator, and an LVDT position sensor. Furthermore, this paper presents a nonlinear model describing the operation of the hydraulic actuator as a part of the suspension system. Additionally, the detailed steps of the fuzzy controller design for such a system are introduced. A MATLAB/Simulink model was constructed to study the proposed ASS at different profiles of road irregularities. The results have shown that the proposed ASS has superior performance compared to the conventional Passive Suspension System (PSS), where the body displacemen
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