This article explores the process of VGI collection by assessing the relative usability and accuracy of a range of different methods (Smartphone GPS, Tablet, and analogue maps) for data collection amongst different demographic and educational groups, and in different geographical contexts. Assessments are made of positional accuracy, completeness, and data collectors’ experiences with reference to the official cadastral data and the administration system in a case-study region of Iraq. Ownership data was validated by crowd agreement. The result shows that successful VGI projects have access to varying data collection methods.

Generalized multivariate transmuted Bessel distribution belongs to the family of probability distributions with a symmetric heavy tail. It is considered a mixed continuous probability distribution. It is the result of mixing the multivariate Gaussian mixture distribution with the generalized inverse normal distribution. On this basis, the paper will study a multiple compact regression model when the random error follows a generalized multivariate transmuted Bessel distribution. Assuming that the shape parameters are known, the parameters of the multiple compact regression model will be estimated using the maximum likelihood method and Bayesian approach depending on non-informative prior information. In addition, the Bayes factor was used

The Ge0.4Te0.6 alloy has been prepared. Thin films of Ge0.4Te0.6 has been prepared via a thermal evaporation method with 4000A thickness, and rate of deposition (4.2) A/sec at pressure 2x10-6 Torr. The A.C electrical conductivity of a-Ge0.4Te0.6 thin films has been studied as a function of frequency for annealing temperature within the range (423-623) K, the deduced exponent s values, was found to decrease with increasing of annealing temperature through the frequency of the range (102-106) Hz. It was found that, the correlated barrier hopping (CBH) is the dominant conduction mechanism. Values of dielectric constant ε1 and dielectric loss ε2 were found to decrease with frequency and increase with temperature. The activation energies have

Fabrication of a photodetector consists of the conjugated polymer "MEH-PPV"- poly (2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenlenevinylene) and MEH-PPV:MWCNT nanocomposite thin film. The volume ratio investigated was 0.75:0.25. MEH-PPV was dissolved in chloroform solvent and doped with MWCNTs. The spin coating method was used to achieve a facile and low cost photodetector. The absorption spectrum decreases by adding the CNTs. The PL spectrum detected recombination curve results by doping the polymer with CNTs, and AFM measurement showed an increase of roughness average from (0.168 to 2.43nm) of "MEH-PPV" and "MEH-PPV:CNTs", respectively. The doping ratio 0.25, which has a higher photoresponsivity, was evaluated at 1.70 A/W and 2.14 A/W of th

 The gas sensing properties of undoped Co₃O₄ and doped with Y₂O₃ nanostructures were investigated. The films were synthesized using the hydrothermal method on a seeded layer. The XRD, SEM analysis and gas sensing properties were investigated for the prepared thin films. XRD analysis showed that all films were polycrystalline, of a cubic structure with crystallite size of (12.6) nm for cobalt oxide and (12.3) nm for the Co₃O₄:6% Y₂O₃. The SEM analysis of thin films indicated that all films undoped Co₃O₄ and doped possessed a nanosphere-like structure.

The sensi

In the present study, advanced oxidation process / heterogeneous photocatalytic process (UV/TiO₂/Fenton) system was investigated to the treatment of oily wastewater. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of hydrogen peroxide concentration H₂O₂, initial amount of the iron catalyst Fe⁺², pH, temperature, amount of TiO₂ and the concentration of oil in the wastewater.  The removal efficiency for the system UV/TiO₂/Fenton at optimal conditions and dosage (H₂O₂ = 400mg/L, Fe⁺² = 40mg/L, pH=5, temperature =30^oC, TiO₂=75mg/L) for 1000mg/L load was found to be 77%.

Aluminum foil cover around the re

Among the different passive techniques heat pipe heat exchanger (HPHE) seems to be the most effective one for energy saving in heating ventilation and air conditioning system (HVAC). The applications for nanofluids with high conductivity are favorable to increase the thermal performance in HPHE. Even though the nanofluid has the higher heat conduction coefficient that dispels more heat theoretically but the higher concentration will make clustering .Clustering is a problem that must be solved before nanofluids can be considered for long-term practical uses. Results showed that the maximum value of relative power is 0.13 mW at nanofluid compared with other concentrations due to the low density of nanofluid at this concentration. For highe