An in-depth experimental study of the matrix effect of antifreeze (ethylene glycol) and water contamination of engine oil through FT-IR spectroscopy. With a comparison of the percent by volume concentration of contaminated fresh 15W-40 engine oil, there appeared to be a noticeable reduction in the O–H stretching signal in the infrared spectrum when ethylene glycol based antifreeze was included as a contaminant. The contaminants of distilled water, a 50/50 mixture of water and commercial ethylene glycol antifreeze, and straight ethylene glycol antifreeze were compared and a signal reduction in the O–H stretch was clearly evident when glycol was present. Doubling the volume of the 50/50 mixture as compared to water alone still resulted in a weaker O–H stretching signal. The possibility that this signal reduction was due to the larger ethylene glycol molecule having fewer O–H bonds in a given sample size was eliminated by comparing samples with the same number of O–H bonds per unit volume. The strong hydrogen bonding between that of water and glycol appeared to reduce the O–H stretching signal, even after comparing the different sample types at concentrations with the same number of O–H bonds per unit volume. Tukey’s highly significant difference was used to show that samples of the 50/50 mixture and straight glycol were not reliably distinguishable from one another when comparing the same number of O–H bonds per unit volume but readily distinguishable from that of water as the lone contaminant.
Background: Tap waters play an important role in fulfilling the people needs for drinking and domestic purposes. Contaminate the tap water with different pollutants has become an issue of great concern for 90% of people who are depended on the tap water as the main source of drinking. Pollutants can make their way easily into the delivering pipes which suffer from the leaking resulting in decreasing the quality of water. Objective: Therefore, assess the water quality for drinking purpose by calculating the water quality index is an important tool to ascertain whether the water is suitable for human consumption or not. Methods: In the present work, the water quality of the Al-Salam, western region of Baghdad city, Iraq was investigated for 7
... Show MoreThe aim of the research is to demonstrate the impact of the dimensions of the marketing vigilance represented by (environmental scanning, diagnostic capacity, validity and decision-making) and to attract deposits represented by (customer relationship management strategy, distribution strategy (location), promotion strategy), as the research was applied in each of Banks (Assyria International, Iraqi Middle East Investment, Business Bay, Iraqi Investment, Babel, Al Mansour Investment), and the questionnaire was adopted as a main tool for collecting data and information from a sample of (110) who are in the position (department manager, department manager, assistant Section Director, Division Officer, Unit Officer), and the statistical prog
... Show MoreConducted Althilelat chemical models of crude oil back to the reservoir Fertile from the fields of Baghdad and Kut and models of crude oil back to the reservoir ??????? of Haklbe Tikrit and Baghdad were calculated their properties Alvezaúah Kalkthaqh and weight, quality and degree of August j (API) and know the quality Nfothma that was light or heavy and make the comparison between Alinvtin also conducted chemical analyzes of the two models of Almia associated with each of the oil above Almkmnin and measured Ktvthma and Zojithma and concentrations of some dissolved salts in them and clarify the relationship between the oil reservoir and water associated with oil fields...
There are many methods of searching large amount of data to find one particular piece of information. Such as find name of person in record of mobile. Certain methods of organizing data make the search process more efficient the objective of these methods is to find the element with least cost (least time). Binary search algorithm is faster than sequential and other commonly used search algorithms. This research develops binary search algorithm by using new structure called Triple, structure in this structure data are represented as triple. It consists of three locations (1-Top, 2-Left, and 3-Right) Binary search algorithm divide the search interval in half, this process makes the maximum number of comparisons (Average case com
... Show MoreFor design purposes, it`s necessary to know the compression rate of soil layers which might be happened when it`s subjected to effective stresses. Also, it`s essential to know the rate of flow through soil mass specially for the design of marine structures or earth embankment. These two important behavior could be predicted from the coefficient of consolidation (Cv) and the coefficient of permeability (k). This study shows the effect of cutback asphalt stabilization on Cv and k and other compressibility factors, the investigation was done for silty clay samples, specimens were prepared by mixing the soil with different percentage of asphalt from (0-10)% and subjected to one-dimensional consolidation test of 50mm diameter and 20mm height wer
... Show MoreIn this paper we present a study on Peristaltic of fractional generalized Maxwell viscoelastic fluid through a porous medium. A modified Darcy-Brinkman model is utilized to simulate the flow of a generalized Maxwell fluid in a porous medium in an inclined channel with slip effect. The governing equation is simplified by assuming long wavelength and low Reynolds number approximations. The numerical and approximate analytical solutions of the problem are obtained by a semi-numerical technique, namely the homotopy perturbation method. The influence of the dominating physical parameters such as fractional Maxwell parameter, relaxation time, amplitude ratio, permeability parameter, Froude number, Reynolds number and inclination of channel on
... Show MoreThe detailed data of the Vp/Vs ratio and porosity logs were used to detect the Oil-Water Contact Zone (OWCZ) of Nahr Umr sandstone and Mishrif limestone reservoir formations in Kumiat (Kt) and Dujaila (Du) oil fields, southeastern Iraq. The results of OWC were confirmed using P-wave, Resistivity, and Water Saturation (Sw) logs of Kt-1 and Du-1 wells. It was found that the values of the oil-water contact zone thickness in Nahr Umr sandstone and Mishrif limestone were approximately one meter and eight meters, respectively. These results suggest that the OWCZ is possibly thicker in the carbonate rock than clastic rock formations. The thickness of OWCZ in the clastic rocks changed from one part to another, depending on several factors includ
... Show MoreCarbon nanoparticles (CNPs) formed by one-step laser ablation in deionized water were carefully studied. Scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and UV–V spectroscopy were used to obtain morphological, chemical, and optical properties of CNPs. SEM outcomes established that the synthesized nanoparticles are semi-spherical with a wide particle size distribution. Raman investigation showed two typical and expected peaks ~ (1300 - 2700) cm−1, which are confirming to transverse and longitudinal modes of the carbon structure. The absorption spectra proved that the intensity of spectra increases as particle size and concentration increase.
A comparative study was carried out on ecological and genetical adaptation of three Iraqi
freshwater snails, Physa acuta, Melanopsis buccinoidea and Melanoides tuberculata, in
respect to acute toxicity of heavy metals (Zn, Cd and Hg). Longevity are used as poisoning
tolerance criterion. LT 50 and LT 100 were determined for the studied snails at (0.5, 1, 5, and
10 ppm), for the three metals. Results indicated that Physa acuta had a higher tolerance than
Melanopsis buccinoidea and Melanoides tuberculata, which was the lower one. Previous
exposure to heavy metals in the original habitat was affecting on experimental tolerance and
no relationships of physical and chemical factors (total hardness, temperature, D. O. and
In this research, the effect of the rotation variable on the peristaltic flow of Sutterby fluid in an asymmetric channel with heat transfer is investigated. The modeling of mathematics is created in the presence of the effect of rotation, using constitutive equations following the Sutterby fluid model. In flow analysis, assumptions such as long wave length approximation and low Reynolds number are utilized. The resulting nonlinear equation is numerically solved using the perturbation method. The effects of the Grashof number, the Hartmann number, the Hall parameter, the magnetic field, the Sutterby fluid parameter, and heat transfer analysis on the velocity and the pressure gradient are analyzed graphically. Utilizing MATHEMATIC
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