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Evaluating Factors Related to the Abuse of Oral Corticosteroids among Community Pharmacy Customers: Using Theory of Reasoned Action
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Introduction: Although it is discouraged, community pharmacy customers can obtain oral corticosteroids (OCSs) without prescriptions from some community pharmacies in Iraq. Medication abuse is defined as the use of medication for non-medical reasons. Objectives: The study aimed to determine demographics, beliefs, and perceptions associated with the abuse of oral corticosteroids for non-illness reasons among community pharmacy customers. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in fall 2018 in four provinces in Iraq. Customers of 19 community pharmacies asking for OCSs for themselves without a prescription were administered a paper survey. This study used the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) to measure the relationship between the motivational factors and the abuse of OCSs. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the relationships between the use of OCSs for non-illness and six TRA factors: Normative belief, behavioral belief, evaluation of the behavior, motivation to comply, subjective norms and attitude toward behavior. Results: The study enrolled 141 participants (98 women and 43 men) taking asking for OCSs without prescription. Dexamethasone was the most commonly used OCSs (59.6%). Friends were the primary recommenders for corticosteroids abuse (28.4%). The main reasons for using OCSs were to increase appetite and gain weight (53.9 %). Approximately one-third (36.2 %) of the participants gained weight after using OCSs.  The regression analysis of the TRA variables showed two factors were significantly related to the abuse of OCSs. Age had a significant inverse relationship with the abuse of OCSs and the "good appearance" belief had a significant positive association with OCS abuse. Conclusion: Some Iraqi community pharmacy customers use non-prescribed oral corticosteroids to increase appetite and gain weight. Improve body appearance represents the dominant incentive that urges people to use OCSs without prescription. Health officials and healthcare practitioners need to promote people's awareness about the risks of misusing OCSs through education programs and advertisements in public health settings, media, and social media.   Article Type: Original Research

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Publication Date
Tue Jan 18 2022
Journal Name
Special Care In Dentistry
Association between self‐reported oral disease/conditions and symptoms of depression among Iraqi individuals
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Abstract<sec><title>Aims

The negative impact of oral diseases on the function, economy, and general health of the population is well‐documented. In the last decades, evidence linking increased expression of depression and oral diseases/conditions has significantly increased. The aim of this study is to assess the association between oral disease/conditions and self‐reported symptoms of depression individuals.

Methods

A specially designed questionnaire was distributed via social media for 1 week. It consisted of two main sections; the first section was dedicated to collect demographic variables and self‐reported symptoms

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Publication Date
Tue Jun 23 2026
Journal Name
Journal Of Baghdad College Of Dentistry
Effect of chemotherapy on oral health status and salivary alkaline phosphatase among leukemic patients
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Background: Leukemia is a broad term given to a group of malignant diseases characterized by diffuse replacement of bone marrow with proliferating leukocyte precursors. Chemotherapy has been increasingly used to treat malignant conditions. The systemic sequelae as a result of these immunosuppressive techniques induce many oral and dental complications. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of chemotherapy on oral health status and activity of salivary alkaline phosphates enzyme in patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia. Materials and methods: The study groups included 28 patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia; they were under chemotherapy, aged 20-25 year old. The control group includes healthy subjects matching with study

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Publication Date
Fri Mar 01 2024
Journal Name
Annales Pharmaceutiques Françaises
Adopting video assignments as a tool to improve first-year pharmacy students class engagement
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Publication Date
Fri Jun 18 2021
Journal Name
International Journal Of Emerging Technologies In Learning (ijet)
The Effectiveness of Educational Pillars Based on Vygotsky's Theory in Achievement and Information Processing Among First Intermediate Class Students
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The aim of the research is to identify the effectiveness of the educational pillars strategy based on Vygotsky's theory in mathematical achievement and information processing of first-grade intermediate students. In pursuit of the research objectives, the experimental method was used, and the quasi-experimental design was used for two equivalent groups, one control group taught traditionally and the other experi-mental taught according to the educational pillars strategy. The research sample consisted of (66) female students from the first intermediate grade, who were inten-tionally chosen after ensuring their equivalence, taking into account several factors, most notably chronological age and their level of mathematics, and they we

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Publication Date
Mon Jan 08 2024
Journal Name
Al-academy
Mechanisms of creative action in print design
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In the midst of conflicts different intellectual and knowledge of production processes and circulation we need constant search for different levels of Innovation replenished with renewed need to develop solutions to various problems. Amid this conflict comes to mind a question about what salt creative mechanisms act in Graphic Design? Through this research is marked (creative mechanisms act in Graphic Design) strive to find solutions
to this question, as well as cognitive it Sarphi side modern and developmental study to a broader understanding of the subject. And across four seasons, which included the first chapter of the research problem and the need for him, and then came the second chapter includes theoretical framework goal Bemb

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Publication Date
Fri Jan 01 2016
Journal Name
Journal Of The American Pharmacists Association
Estimating the cost of unclaimed electronic prescriptions at an independent pharmacy
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Publication Date
Mon Jan 01 2024
Journal Name
المجلة العربية للعلوم الإنسانية والاجتماعية
The impact of digital transformation on the relationship between commercial bank customers’ empowerment and competitive advantage
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The impact of digital transformation on the relationship between commercial bank customers’ empowerment and competitive advantage

Publication Date
Sun Apr 30 2023
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Science
Evaluation of Hematological Factors and Micronutrients Among Children Infected with Enterobius vermicularis
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     Malnutrition, anemia, and micronutrient deficits may be associated with Enterobius vermicularis infection. Hence, the subject has recently received a lot of attention. The goal of this study was to analyse the nutritional, hematological and micronutrient status of children infected with E. vermicularis. This research was carried out in Baghdad from October 2021 to the end of March 2022. The study comprised 100 children of both sexes, ranging in age from 3-16 years. All individuals nutritional status was assessed using the weight-for-age Z score and the height-for-age Z score. As well as cellophane tape samples and blood samples were collected from all individuals. The cellophane tape samples were examined under microscope f

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Publication Date
Sun Jan 01 2017
Journal Name
البحوث التربوية والنفسية
The effectiveness of an educational design based on Herman’s total brain theory on the achievement of chemistry among fifth-grade female students
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Publication Date
Sat Nov 10 2018
Journal Name
Iraqi National Journal Of Nursing Specialties
Satisfaction of Patients, Coronary Arteries in Related to Nursing and Medical Care
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Objectives of the study: The study aims to assess satisfy of the coronary artery patients for the care product from
the nurse and physician and to find out the relationship between patient satisfaction with the social and the
clinical characteristics of the patients.
Methodology: A descriptive design study conducted using the evaluation approach for the duration of June 3
rd
2012 to January 31, 2013. Non-probability sample of (60) patients who were visiting or admitted (inpatient or
outpatient) to the teaching hospital in Baquba with the diagnosis of coronary artery disease. A questionnaire have
been built and develop by the researcher based on review of literature and previous research, the form included of
(3) p

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