Development and population expansion have the lion's share of driving up the fuel cost. Biodiesel has considerable attention as a renewable, ecologically friendly and alternative fuel source. In this study, CaO nanocatalyst is produced from mango leaves as a catalysis for the transesterification of waste cooking oil (WCO) to biodiesel. The mango tree is a perennial plant, and its fruit holds significant economic worth due to its abundance of vitamins and minerals. This plant has a wide geographical range and its leaves can be utilized without any negative impact on its growth and yield. An analysis was conducted to determine the calcium content in the fallen leaves, revealing a significant quantity of calcium that holds potential for utilization. The catalyst was characterized by different analytic techniques such as XRD, SEM-EDS, FT-IR, and BET analyses. Several parameters impacted on the transesterification process were exploited by conventional transesterification (batch). The result revealed that the optimum reaction was reached at a methanol to oil ratio of 50% w/w, catalyst loading of 3%, temperature of 65℃ and reaction time of 1.5 h with a yield of 93.21%, and the activation energy of the transesterification reaction was found to be 38.906 KJ mol-1. The reaction was verified to be irreversible pseudo-first order based on a linear Arrhenius plot and a high R2 value. The catalyst shows good stability and catalytic activity when it is reused and the yield was found to be 80.293% in the 5th cycle.
The isolates were screened according to their capability for pectinase production, screening process identified the best pectinolytic isolate and it was characterized by cultural and biochemical, as Pesudomonas sp. Pectinolytic enzyme producing bacterium Pesudomonas sp. was isolated from the Iraqi soil on nutrient agar plate. Optimiztion of process parameters were carried out by altering some of environmental conditions of chemo-physical environment for the production medium. The highest pectinase production was observed at 48 hrs of incubation at 35 °C with the initial pH of 6.0. Different nutrients and environmental conditions were investigated in terms of their effect on the production of extracellular pectinase using citrus pectin a
... Show MoreSpent catalysts for sulfuric acid production have large amount of vanadium and due to environmental authority it is required to reduce the vanadium contain of the spent catalyst. Experimental investigation was conducted to study the vanadium recovery from spent catalyst via leaching process using sodium hydroxide to study the effect of process variables (temperatures, sodium hydroxide molarities, leaching time and particle size) on vanadium recovery. The effect of process variables (temperature, particle size,molarities of sodium hydroxide and leaching time) on the percentages of vanadium recovery were investigated and discussed .It was found that the percentage of vanadium recovery increased with increasing temperature up to 100 , incre
... Show MoreThe objective of present study was to investigate the effect of using mixture volaticle oil of rosmarinus and nigella sativa to improve some of the meat quality characteristics, physical and limited storage time of minced cold poultry meat. Duplex volaticle oil was added at 0.025, 0.050 and 0.075 g/kg to minced poultry meat, these treatments were stored individually for 0 , 4 and 7 days at 4-7C0. After making several chemical, physical and oxidation indicators, the following results were obtained:
The process of adding volaticle oil to minced poultry meat led to significant increase (P<0.01)in moisture, prot
... Show MoreAqueous Two Phase System (ATPS) or liquid-liquid extraction is used in biotechnology to recover valuable compounds from raw sources. In Aqueous Two-Phase Systems, many factors influence the Partition coefficient, K, (which is the ratio of protein concentration in the top phase to that in the bottom phase) and the Recovery percentage (Rec%). In this research, two systems of ATPS were used: first, polyethylene glycol (PEG) 4000/Sodium citrate (SC), and the second, PEG8000/ Sodium phosphate (SPH), for the extraction of Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA). The behavior of Rec% and K of pure (BSA) in ATPS has been investigated throughout the study by the effects of five parameters: temperature, concentration of polyethylene glycol (P
... Show MoreKeywords provide the reader with a summary of the contents of the document and play a significant role in information retrieval systems, especially in search engine optimization and bibliographic databases. Furthermore keywords help to classify the document into the related topic. Keywords extraction included manual extracting depends on the content of the document or article and the judgment of its author. Manual extracting of keywords is costly, consumes effort and time, and error probability. In this research an automatic Arabic keywords extraction model based on deep learning algorithms is proposed. The model consists of three main steps: preprocessing, feature extraction and classification to classify the document
... Show MoreIn this work, the nano particles of Na-A zeolite were synthesized by sol –gel method. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray luorescence (XRF), Surface area and pore volume, Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Results show that the nano A zeolite is with average crystal size is 74.77 nm., Si/Al ratio 1.03, BET surface area was 581.211m2/g and the pore volume for NaA was found equal to 0.355cm3/g.