Biodiesel is an environmentally friendly fuel and a good substitution for the fossil fuel. However, the purity of this fuel is a major concern that challenges researchers. In this study, a calcium oxide based catalyst has been prepared from local waste eggshells by the calcination method and tested in production biodiesel. The eggshells were powdered and calcined at different temperatures (700, 750, 800, 850 and 900 °C) and periods of time (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 hr.). The effect of calcination temperature and calcination time on the structure and activity of the solid catalyst were examined by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Brunaure-Emmett-Teller (BET). The optimum catalyst performance was obtained at 900 °C and 3 hr. The characterization tests revealed a crystalline phase of CaO, a specific surface area 12.5m2/gm and good distribution of the active component. The effects of different transesterification reaction variables on the catalyst performance were also investigated. The highest conversion, 96.11% was obtained at 30:1 methanol-to-waste cooking oil molar ratio, 65°C, 3 wt. % catalyst loading and 3 hr reaction time. Additionally, durability of CaO was examined. It was found that high activity and durability were obtained by washing with n-hexan. It found that the use of eggshell as a heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production provides a cost-effective and environmentally friendly way of green fuel production.
This work include synthesized and characterization the compound [I] by reaction 1,4-phenylenediamine with chloro acetic acid then this compound reaction with methanol in present sulfuric acid to synthesized ester compound [II] after that reaction with hydrazine hydrate to synthesized acide hydrazide [III] and the later compound reaction with substituted acetophenone[IV]n to synthesized substituted acetophenone hydrazones[V-XI]. In addition synthesized4-formylpyrazole derivatives [XIIXVIII] via cyclisation substituted acetophenone hydrazones [V-XI] with Vilsmeier-Haack reagent DMF/POCl3. The compounds characterized by melting points, FTIR, 1HNMR and mass spectroscopy. The mesomorphic behavior studied by using polarized optical microscopy and
... Show MoreThis search include the synthesis of some new 1,3-oxazepine derivatives have been prepared, starting from reaction of L-ascorbic acid with dry acetone in presence of dry hydrogen chloride afforded the acetal (I). Treatment of the latter with p-nitrobenzoyl chloride in pyridine yielded the ester (II) which was dissolved in (65%) acetic acid in absolute ethanol yielded the glycol (III). The reaction of the glycol (III) with sodium periodate in distilled water at room temperature produced the aldehyde (IV). The compound (V) [4-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)benzoic acid] was synthesized by reaction p-aminobenzoic acid and phthalic anhydride in presence of (gla. CH3COOH). Reaction of compound (V) with thionyl chloride produced [4-(1,3-dioxoisoindoli
... Show MoreIn the present study, mixed ligand compounds of Mn(II), Ni(II), Co(II), Cu(II), Cd(II) and Hg(II) were synthesized using new Ligand N1,N4-bis (pyrimidin-2-ylcarbamothioyl) succinimide (NPS) derived from [Butanedioyl diisothiocyanate with 2- aminipyridine] as first ligand, proline (pro) as second ligand and evaluation of their antioxidant activities for ligand, nickel and cobalt complex towards 1.1-Di-phenyl-2picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) will be compared to the standard anti-oxidants (i.e. the ascorbic acid). Those materials that have been prepared provided results are a result of exhibiting different activities of the radical scavenging for all of the compounds. Compounds were observed then confirmed through the Fourier-tra
... Show MoreThe ligand Schiff base [(E)-3-(2-hydroxy-5-methylbenzylideneamino)- 1- phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5(4H) –one] with some metals ion as Mn(II); Co(II); Ni(II); Cu(II); Cd(II) and Hg(II) complexes have been preparation and characterized on the basic of mass spectrum for L, elemental analyses, FTIR, electronic spectral, magnetic susceptibility, molar conductivity measurement and functions thermodynamic data study (∆H°, ∆S° and ∆G°). Results of conductivity indicated that all complexes were non electrolytes. Spectroscopy and other analytical studies reveal distorted octahedral geometry for all complexes. The antibacterial activity of the ligand and preparers metal complexes was also studied against gram and negative bacteria.
New compounds of amids [IV]a-e and Schiff bases [V]f-h derived from 2-amino-1,3,4-oxadiazoles [III] were synthesized and characterized by physical and spectraldata.2-Aamino-1,3,4-oxadiazoles was prepared by the action of bromine on acorresponding semicarbazide [II]( which was prepared by reaction of dialdehyde [I]with semicarbazide hydrochloride ) in the presence of sodium acetate , followed byan intramolecular cyclization . (PDF) Synthesis of New Amides and Schiff Bases derived From 2-Amino -1,3,4- Oxadiazole. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326679206_Synthesis_of_New_Amides_and_Schiff_Bases_derived_From_2-Amino_-134-_Oxadiazole [accessed Nov 15 2023].
The ligand Schiff base [(E)-3-(2-hydroxy-5-methylbenzylideneamino)- 1- phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5(4H) –one] with some metals ion as Mn(II); Co(II); Ni(II); Cu(II); Cd(II) and Hg(II) complexes have been preparation and characterized on the basic of mass spectrum for L, elemental analyses, FTIR, electronic spectral, magnetic susceptibility, molar conductivity measurement and functions thermodynamic data study (∆H°, ∆S° and ∆G°). Results of conductivity indicated that all complexes were non electrolytes. Spectroscopy and other analytical studies reveal distorted octahedral geometry for all complexes. The antibacterial activity of the ligand and preparers metal complexes was also studied against gram and negative bacteria.
The present work involved two steps: the first step include Mannich reaction was carried out on 2- mercaptobenzimidazole using formaldehyde and different secondary amine or amide to gives the compounds(2-16). The secnd step include preparation of (Ethylbenzimidazoly-2-mercaptoacetate)(17) from the reaction of 2- mercaptobenzimidazole with ethylchloroacetate than prepared hydrazide derivative[18]from reaction of compound(17) with hydrazinehydrate. Followed Preparation of shiff bases(19-24) and there reaction with mercaptoacetic acid to give a new compounds containing thiazolidinderivetives(25-30).Structure confirmation of all prepared compound were proved using FTIR and element analysis (C.H.N.S) and mesurmentedmelting poi
... Show MoreReuse of spent hydrodesulphurization (HDS) of middle petroleum fractions catalyst CoMo/γAl2O3 was accomplished via removal of coke and contaminants such as vanadium, Iron, Nickel, and sulfur. Three processes were adopted; extraction, leaching, decoking. Soluble and insoluble coke was removed. Leaching step used three different solvents (oxalic acid, ammonium peroxydisulfate and oxalic acid + H2O2) in separate in order to remove contaminant metals (V, S, Ni and Fe).
The effect of soluble coke removal on leaching step was studied. It was found that the removal of soluble coke significantly enhances the leaching of contaminants and barely affected the removal of active metals
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