Reliable data transfer and energy efficiency are the essential considerations for network performance in resource-constrained underwater environments. One of the efficient approaches for data routing in underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) is clustering, in which the data packets are transferred from sensor nodes to the cluster head (CH). Data packets are then forwarded to a sink node in a single or multiple hops manners, which can possibly increase energy depletion of the CH as compared to other nodes. While several mechanisms have been proposed for cluster formation and CH selection to ensure efficient delivery of data packets, less attention has been given to massive data communication processes with sink node. As such, failure in communicating nodes would lead to a significant network void-holes problem. Considering the limited energy resources of nodes in UWSNs along with the heavy load of CHs in the routing process, this paper proposes a void-holes aware and reliable data forwarding strategy (VHARD-FS) in a proactive mode to control data packets delivery from CH nodes to the sink in UWSNs. In the proposed strategy, each CH node is aware of its neighbor’s performance ranking index to conduct a reliable packet transmission to the sink via the most energy-efficient route. Extensive simulation results indicate that the VHARD-FS outperforms existing routing approaches while comparing energy efficiency and network throughput. This study helps to effectively alleviate the resource limitations associated with UWSNs by extending network life and increasing service availability even in a harsh underwater environment.
This research introduced the derivation of mathematical equations to calculate the Cartesian and geographical coordinates of a site situated at a far distance from the observer position by using GPS data. The geographical coordinates (ϕobs., λ obs., hobs.) for observer position were transformed to Cartesian coordinates (X obs., Y obs., Z obs.) of observer position itself. Then the Cartesian coordinates of unknown position mathematically were calculated from these calculated equations, and its transformed to geographical coordinates of (ϕunk., λunk.) position.
Current research targeted: Recognizing the impact of the differentiated education strategy on the achievement of the students of the Institute of Fine Arts / Diyala, for the academic year (2018-2019).
The researcher used the experimental approach designed by two groups (control - experimental) and with a post-test to achieve the goal of the research, and the research sample was chosen from students of the fourth stage for the academic year (2018-2019).
The sample was distributed randomly into two groups, the first experimental consisting of (30) students who studied using the differentiated education strategy, and the second control group consisting of (30) students who studied using the traditional method.
The researcher pre
Select the researcher discussed problem of asking the following : Do you use visual intelligence strategy effective in the collection of students in the Department of Art Education in the foreseeable material ? The research aims to " measure the effectiveness of the strategy in the collection of visual intelligence students in the Department of Art Education in the foreseeable material ". To verify the objective of this research was identify hypotheses zero to measure the level of achievement in the foreseeable material second grade students in the Department of Art Education - Faculty of Fine Arts . The population of the research students in the Department of Art Education / Faculty of Fine Arts at the University of Baghdad who are stud
... Show MoreAccording to the importance of the subject of research, and the importance of the surveyed organization as a dynamic sector of the country in general , The research attempts to suggest to service organizations in general reconsidering the currently adopted mechanisms in the redesign of its functions , and in the services provided industry . The data was collected from (98) Director Mangers , head of department and head of division . The research tool is the questionnaire , which included (50) items . The results show Significant Effect & Correlation relationship between the two variables due to their dimensions . These lead to he application of job enrichment technology will increase the organization's ability to possess efficient hu
... Show MoreThis research aim at finding out the impact of using the strategy of shape V on the achievement of the students of the Department of Artistic Education in the subject of "Principles of scientific Research ". This strategy is one of the cognitive strategies used in this topic . To verify the aim of the research ,the two researchers have put the following null hypothesis:-There are no significant differences on the level of 0,05 among the average degrees of the students of the experimental group in their answers on the topics of the pre and post cognitive achievement tests of the subject of "principles of scientific Research " . The two researchers have adopted the experimental approach which consists of one group . the population of the r
... Show MoreAbstract
This paper is an experimental work to determinate the effect of welding velocity and formed arc energy for CO2-MAG fusion weld pool. The input parameters (arc voltage, wire feed speed and gas flow rate) were investigated to find their effects on the weld joint efficiency. Design of experiment with response surface methodology technique was used to build empirical mathematical models for welding velocity and arc energy in term of the input welding parameters. The predicted quadratic models were statistically checked for adequacy purpose by ANOVA analysis. Additionally, numerical optimization was conducted to obtain the optimum values for welding velocity and arc energy. A good agree
... Show MoreIn a connected graph , the distance function between each pair of two vertices from a set vertex is the shortest distance between them and the vertex degree denoted by is the number of edges which are incident to the vertex The Schultz and modified Schultz polynomials of are have defined as:
respectively, where the summations are taken over all unordered pairs of distinct vertices in and is the distance between and in The general forms of Schultz and modified Schultz polynomials shall be found and indices of the edge – identification chain and ring – square graphs in the present work.
The purified prepared compounds were identified through different methods of identification i.e, I.R, UV-vi^ble-spectroscopy in addition to (coloured tests) Calculation of the sum of OH groups. TLC techniques were also used to test the purity and the speed ofthe rate of flow (RF).